Supply Chain Sourcing Under Asymmetric Information

We study a supply chain with two suppliers competing over a contract to supply components to a manufacturer. One of the suppliers is a big company for whom the manufacturer's business constitutes a small part of his business. The other supplier is a small company for whom the manufacturer's business constitutes a large portion of his business. We analyze the problem from the perspective of the big supplier and address the following questions: What is the optimal contracting strategy that the big supplier should follow? How does the information about the small supplier's production cost affect the profits and contracting decision? How does the existence of the small supplier affect profits? By studying various information scenarios regarding the small supplier's and the manufacturer's production cost, we show, for example, that the big supplier benefits when the small supplier keeps its production cost private. We quantify the value of information for the big supplier and the manufacturer. We also quantify the cost (value) of the alternative‐sourcing option for the big supplier (the manufacturer). We determine when an alternative‐sourcing option has more impact on profits than information. We conclude with extensions and numerical examples to shed light on how system parameters affect this supply chain.     

Cost Allocation in Manufacturing–Remanufacturing Operations

For firms remanufacturing their products, the total life‐cycle costs and revenues from new and remanufactured products determine their profitability. In many firms, manufacturing/sales and remanufacturing/remarketing operations are carried out in different divisions. Each division is responsible for only part of the product's life cycle. Practices regarding transfer pricing across divisions vary significantly among companies, affecting the life‐cycle profit performance of the product. In this research, we identify characteristics of transfer prices that achieve the firm‐wide optimal solution. To this end, we consider a manufacturer who also undertakes remanufacturing operations and we focus on price (quantity) decisions. We determine that a cost allocation mechanism that allocates a portion of the initial production cost to each of the two stages of the product life cycle should be used. We also conclude that cost allocation should be implemented as a fixed cost allocation, where charges to the remanufacturing division should be determined independently of the actual quantity of units remanufactured.     

基于模糊规划的QFD 系统参数确定方法

针对QFD 系统的内在模糊性,运用带有对称三角形模糊系数的模糊规划理论,提出了一 种确定QFD 系统参数的方法. 并通过工程特性目标值的规范化,定义产品开发总成本函数、工 程特性改进成本函数及改进成本系数等概念,建立了一个QFD 规划模型. 仿真结果表明,该模 型能够帮助开发人员在不确定的、模糊条件下有效确定关联函数及自相关函数,优化顾客需求 的满意水平,确定工程特性目标值,使新开发/ 改进的产品顾客满意度赶上或超过目标市场上 的竞争企业,并满足开发预算约束.     

现代企业组织制度中的委托─代理关系

现代企业组织制度中存在一系列委托─代理关系,基于所有权和经营权相分离的委托─代理制既是必要的,有效的,又存在着委托人和代理人的效用函数不同的矛盾。西方管理学家对委托人目标和代理人效用函数的不一致性进行了研究,提出了委托─代理理论。本文简要介绍这一理论,并从对代理人的考核评价和奖惩、实行目标管理、培育企业文化以及建设正常运行的市场四个方面,论述了建立健全激励─约束机制,改善委托─代理关系的途径。     

环境保护的宏观经济成本分析

本文讨论了环境经济成本问题,提出环境治理成本和环境机会成本两组概念,并用投入占用产出方法研究了宏观经济环境机会成本核算。     

宽带卫星通信和星际链路间激光通信的应用前景

提出了由于信息化社会、Ｉｎｔｅｒｎｅｔ、Ｉｎｔｒａｎｅｔ和多媒体技术的出现,从而要求卫星通信向多体制、多功能发展。文中着重分析了具有独特优点的激光通信在宽带卫星通信和星际链路中的现实商用前景。     

直接融资与经济增长的理论和实证分析——基于对不同融资业务的成本比较

通过对Deidda（2006）的金融内生增长模型进行改进和分析,得到如下结论：如果从融资成本的角度考虑,金融机构适度增加直接融资业务的比重,能减少全社会的融资成本,进而增加家庭的投资收益、企业及全社会生产资本的积累,最终使得稳态经济增长率得以提升。同时运用我国的相关数据证明了我国现阶段适度提高直接融资业务的比重确实能促进经济增长率的提高。     

On designing an acceptance sampling plan for the Pareto lifetime model

In this paper, the design of reliability sampling plans for the Pareto lifetime model under progressive Type-II right censoring is considered. Sampling plans are derived using the decision theoretic approach with a suitable loss or cost function that consists of sampling cost, rejection cost, and acceptance cost. The decision rule is based on the estimated reliability function. Plans are constructed within the Bayesian context using the natural conjugate prior. Simulations for evaluating the Bayes risk are carried out and the optimal sampling plans are reported for various sample sizes, observed number of failures and removal probabilities.     

Computing optimal adjustment schemes for the general tool-wear problem

An important problem in process adjustment using feedback is how often to sample the process and when and by how much to apply an adjustment. Minimum cost feedback schemes based on simple, but practically interesting, models for disturbances and dynamics have been discussed in several particular cases. The more general situation in which there may be measurement and adjustment errors, deterministic process drift, and costs of taking an observation, of making an adjustment, and of being off target, is considered in this article. Assuming all these costs to be known, a numerical method to minimize the overall expected cost is presented. This numerical method provides the optimal sampling interval, action limits, and amount of adjustment; and the resulting average adjustment interval, mean squared deviation from target, and minimum overall expected cost. When the costs of taking an observation, of making an adjustment, and of being off target are not known, the method can be used to choose a particular scheme by judging the advantages and disadvantages of alternative options considering the mean squared deviation they produce, the frequency with which they require observations to be made, and the resulting overall length of time between adjustments. Computer codes that perform the required computations are provided in the appendices and applied to find optimal adjustment schemes in three real examples of application.     

信息化、成本优势与小企业的规模有效性

近年来,相对于小型企业来说,大中型企业在市场份额和单位数比重方面持续下滑的趋势相当明显。根据施蒂格勒的“适存论”,相对于“大中型”来说,“小型”似乎成了当前市场上更有效的规模形态。这一现象的背后到底隐藏着怎样的逻辑？通过构建中国制造业2003--2009年间的面板数据模型,实证验证信息化对于提升“小型”这种规模形态之有效性的正面影响,以及生产成本和协调成本在信息化与企业规模有效性之间的中介作用。以期为本土制造业更加有效地利用信息化机遇构建核心竞争优势、实现新的产业发展提供决策借鉴。