对城市生活垃圾回收的质疑与思考

随着工业化和城市化的快速发展,城市生活垃圾问题作为影响城市可持续发展的重要制约因素日趋突出。大多数国家和地区都把垃圾回收作为减轻垃圾处理负担及保护自然资源和环境的有效模式而大力推广。但国内外大量的实证研究发现,垃圾回收是一种成本高昂的垃圾治理模式,不具有成本有效性。垃圾治理应从源头上减少垃圾的数量和提高产品的重复使用率,政府应减少强制性的垃圾回收,而将政策转向征收适度的垃圾填埋税(费)。     

An upper bound on the minimal total cost of the transportation problem with varying demands and supplies

In general cases, to find the exact upper bound on the minimal total cost of the transportation problem with varying demands and supplies is an NP-hard problem. In literature, there are only two approaches with several shortcomings to solve the problem. In this paper, the problem is formulated as a bi-level programming model, and proven to be solvable in a polynomial time if the sum of the lower bounds for all the supplies is no less than the sum of the upper bounds for all the demands; and a heuristic algorithm named TPVDS-A based on genetic algorithm is developed as an efficient and robust solution method of the model. Computational experiments on benchmark and new randomly generated instances show that the TPVDS-A algorithm outperforms the two existing approaches.     

Coordinating contracts for a financially constrained supply chain

We consider a financially constrained supply chain in which a supplier (leader) sells products to a retailer (follower) who has no access to bank financing due to her low credit rating. However, the supplier can borrow from a bank and offer trade credit to the retailer to alleviate her financial constraint. Failure to pay off a bank loan or trade credit incurs a variable default cost. We analyze the centralized version of the supply chain to obtain new coordination requirements. We then examine whether revenue-sharing, buyback, and all-unit quantity discount contracts can coordinate our supply chain. We show that the all-unit quantity discount contract fails to coordinate. However, the revenue-sharing and buyback contracts can coordinate the supply chain, but only when the supply chain has a sufficient total working capital. Moreover, they cannot allocate profit flexibly unless the supplier has a large enough working capital. Finally, we design a generalized revenue-sharing contract that coordinates the supply chain with flexible profit allocation, and also show by numerical examples its superiority over the revenue-sharing and buyback contracts.     

我国研究生培养机制改革下“三助”成本分担研究

随着我国研究生教育规模不断扩大,有限的高等教育公共财政资源日趋紧张.在高校研究生培养机制改革的背景下,分析了研究生"三助"工作的现状,探讨了研究生"三助"成本分担中导师对助研劳酬的分担、学院和任课教师对助教劳酬的分担、学校行政部门对助管劳酬的分担以及社会和企业的成本分担问题,并提出了相应的对策.     

中国证券业总产出和增加值测算研究

 金融机构总产出和增加值的测算是一项基础性的研究工作。与传统测算方法不同,本文借鉴经济合作和发展组织（OECD）提出的使用者成本法,把证券业视为生产性服务活动,并结合我国的实际情况,从服务的角度初步提出了我国证券业总产出和增加值的测算框架。并提出了未来研究改进的方向。     

新中国60年中国共产党执政成本升高的合理性因素分析——基于制度转轨的考量

新中国成立60年以来中国共产党的执政成本尤其是经济成本不断升高,这里面既有合理性因素的增长又有不合理因素的增长。但是学者们往往过多地关注于不合理因素的增长,对于合理性因素的增长的分析很少涉及。分析执政成本升高,不看到其升高的客观性、合理性、必然性,只去分析其不合理构成和不合理因素,不是科学的态度和方法,由此而得出的结论就难免有失偏颇。如果能从制度转轨导致执政成本升高的合理性因素分析入手,则会对执政成本升高的原因得出更为全面客观的诠释。     

高职院校学生的生育道德观现状与实证研究

研究分别以分层丛集式问卷与子女价值量表对24岁以下的高职学生进行生育道德观的实证分析,旨在探讨生育道德观与未来希望生育子女数及生育挟择的整体关系。结果发现：高职学生以“权力成就”、“亲密情感”、“家庭愉悦”为最主要的认同层面;生育道德观因性剐、交友情况、父母教育程度等成长经验的不同而有所差异;生育道德观中“生育价值”、“生育代价”、“生育挟择”因素对未来希望生育子女数有一定程度的预测力。     

高校建设项目前期造价审计策略的研究

在高校建设项目实施的整个过程中,建设前期的造价控制对整个工程项目的造价影响极大,因此高校内审部门应对建设前期的造价审计予以特别重视。然而,高校对建设前期造价审计的运用还处于初步阶段,仍没有形成成熟的操作体系。文章从投资决策、设计、预算编制3个阶段对审计策略分别予以探究,为高校内审人员开展项目前期审计提供思路和实践依据,力争使高校建设项目造价从源头上得到有效控制,提高投资效益。     

Statistical measurement of the inventory shortage cost

In searching for the optimal inventory control policy, the objective is to minimize the expected total costs related, of which the shortage cost is an important element. Due to the difficulty in calculating the indirect cost of the loss of goodwill resulted from the shortage, practitioners and researchers often simply assume a fixed penalty cost on the inventory shortage or switch to the alternative method by assigning a specific customer service level. The development of an appropriate tool for measuring the shortage cost can help a business control the total costs and improve the productivity more effectively. This paper proposes probabilistic measurements of the shortage cost, based on mathematical relationship between the cost and the shortage amount. The derived closed-form estimates of the expected shortage cost value can then be applied to support the determination of the optimal inventory control policy.