Patterns of Autonomic Arousal in Imaginal Situations of Winning and Losing in Problem Gambling

AIMS: To examine changes in skin conductance level (SCL), for problem gamblers in response to personally relevant imaginal tasks, representing winning or losing. SETTING, DESIGN, PARTICIPANTS AND MEASUREMENTS: SCL and subjective arousal were compared for problem poker machine gamblers (n = 13) and a control group (n = 20). Participants were asked to describe a situation in which they had (a) won and (b) lost during a period of gambling. Before and during the task, recordings of SCL were taken. FINDINGS: There were significant differences between responses of problem and social gamblers. A significant interaction indicated that social gamblers became more aroused in reaction to winning than losing, whereas problem gamblers became equally aroused in response to both tasks. CONCLUSIONS: The results suggest that it may be responses to losing, rather than winning that are paramount to the development and maintenance of problem gambling.     

贾宝玉与光源氏的“寻母”意识探迹

就原型意义而言,贾宝玉与光源氏二人都始于一个失母的悲剧人生的预设,而又都终于一个“寻母”的人生悲剧的结局。在他们情爱人生的背后,体现出的是一种“恋母情结”中的母性原型意味。对两位主人公的“寻母”历程追踪蹑迹,进行母性原型视角下的考察,可于中日文学文本间建立起新的对话质素,以显示中日邻邦异质文化间的同源特征。     

The experience of motherhood for alienated mothers

This qualitative study examined the alienated mothers' experience of motherhood. Data were collected by in‐depth semi‐structured interviews with 10 women whose children refused any contact with them. Findings revealed one main theme, ‘Merging vs. detachment’, consisting of four subthemes or motifs in these women's narratives: (i) marriage as an illusion of salvation from an abusive home; (ii) giving birth to a child as compensation for chaotic childhood experiences; (iii) husband exploiting and abusing their sense of failing motherhood; and (iv) the husband and mother‐in‐law expelling the mother. These findings were interpreted within the framework of Bowen's theory. The interpretation suggests that impairment in the mothers' and ex‐husbands' differentiation of the self is manifest in the shattered mother–child relations and in the mothers' loss of their children in the struggle with their mothers‐in‐law. Implications for practice are included.     

对《宠儿》中赛斯杀婴原因的研究*

对于美国著名黑人女作家莫里森的《宠儿》中备受争议的黑人母亲杀婴的主题，很多评论者从不同角度给予过阐释和分析。这里认为书中黑人母亲赛斯的杀婴行为是一种必然。要读懂小说的这一主题，就必须对造成这种行为的原因进行探索。从这一点出发，通过结合创伤理论以及对小说特殊写作背景的探讨，对赛斯的杀婴行为作以分析，并以此深入地拓展奴隶制下黑人母亲杀婴行为的解读。     

失地农民心理与思想政治工作

随着城市化进程的加快,失地农民群体的不断扩大,引发很多社会风险问题。要加强失地农民的思想政治工作,就要紧紧抓住其相对的被剥夺感、无助和迷茫感、强烈的不满情绪等心理特点,以农村基层组织为龙头,建立健全失地农民的思想政治工作组织,不断理顺其思想情绪、激活其精神动力,使失地农民在思想上、精神上、心理上尽早走出困境。     

“失地农民利益保护”问题中的经济公正问题研究

土地被征用之后,许多农民成为"三无农民",对他们的生产生活都产生重大影响.而各地政府对失地农民的利益保护很不公正,土地补偿费低,土地升值农民没有份,生活缺乏保障,就业安排人数少.要引入市场机制来解决征地问题,建立失地农民生活保障体系,推进农村经济、社会协调发展.     

论企业外派员工的流失问题

本文通过对F公司外派员工流失案例的分析,探究外派员工流失这一问题产生的原因,有针对性地提出加强公司内部管理、全面考察忠诚度、建立合理的薪酬制度、完善后期保障制度等措施以减少外派员工的流失。     

Poverty,public assistance,and children in intact and single-mother families

This article examines the effects of poverty, public assistance, and family structure on school-age children's home environment and developmental outcomes using data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth. The central question of this study is whether public support negatively affects school-age children's developmental outcomes, thereby contributing to the intergenerational transmission of welfare dependency. The results show that long duration and late timing of poverty have a detrimental effect on home environment and child developmental outcomes. Long duration of public assistance disturbs reading ability for children of intact families only. Late timing of public assistance actually enhances the cognitive and emotional environment and has a greater effect on the emotional environment for single-mother families. Long duration and late timing of single motherhood are detrimental to the emotional environment. Taken together, the findings suggest that the process of intergenerational transmission of welfare dependency during school-age years is primarily attributable to poverty and single motherhood rather than the duration and timing of public assistance. This study was supported in part by a William T. Grant Foundation research grant and in part by Grant No. 5-T32-HD07329-07 from the Center for Population Research, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD), to the RAND Corporation. Her research interests include the family and public policy, particularly single mothers and their children. She received her Ph.D. from the University of Chicago in 1990.     

“The Motherhood Wage Gap for Women in the United States: The Importance of College and Fertility Delay”

One of the stylized facts from the past 30 years has been the declining rate of first births before age 30 for all women and the increase rate of first births after age 30 among women with four-year college degrees (Steven P. Martin, Demography, 37(4), 523–533, 2000). What are some of the factors behind womens decision to postpone their childbearing? We hypothesize that the wage difference often observed between like-educated mothers and non-mothers (Jane Waldfogel, Journal of Labor Economics, 16, 505–545, 1998a; Journal of Economic Perspectives 12(1) 137–156, 1998b) may be affected by the postponement of childbearing until after careers are fully established. Hence, we focus on college-educated women because they are typically more career-oriented than their non-college educated counterparts and also the group most often observed postponing maternity. We use individual-level data on women from the 1979 National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY79) in order to control for individual-level unobserved heterogeneity as well as human capital characteristics, such as actual work experience, in our empirical analysis. We estimate wage equations, first producing base-line results to compare to the existing literature. Then, we expand the basic wage equation model to address fundamental econometric issues and the education/fertility issue at hand. Our empirical findings are two-fold. First, we find that college-educated mothers do not experience a motherhood wage penalty at all. In fact, they enjoy a wage boost when compared to college-educated childless women. Second, fertility delay enhances this wage boost even further. Our results provide an explanation for the observed postponement of maternity for educated women. We argue that the wage boost experienced by college-educated mothers may be the result of their search for family–friendly work environments, which, in turn, yields job matches with more female-friendly firms offering greater opportunities for advancement.JEL Codes: J13 and J3     

Women and toxic waste protests: Race,class and gender as resources of resistance

In recent years, women have been at the forefront of grassroot toxic waste protests in the United States. Out of their experience of protest, women construct ideologies of environmental justice, which reveal broader issues of inequality underlying environmental hazards. I examine the environmental discourse of white working class, African American and Native American women activists. The voices of these women show the ways in which their traditional role as mothers becomes a resource for their resistance. At the same time, their emerging analysis of environmental justice is mediated by different experiences of class, race, and ethnicity.