浅谈清末新政时期军国民教育的体育思想

《辛丑条约》签订以后，清政府于1901—1911年实施了一系列改革，内容涉及经济、政治、文化、教育、军事等多个方面，始称“清末新政”，它的实施开启了中国走向初步现代化之路，这些改革措施也涉及到了体育领域。本文通过考察在这一时期确立的军国民教育的体育思想，认为它的确立大大促进了国民体育意识的增强，在一定程度上改变了整个社会重文轻武的状况。     

Should mothers work? Age and attitudes in Germany,Italy and Sweden

Welfare states are constructed around values and political and economic preferences, creating social relationships between the genders. As women increase their labour market participation, new patterns of conflict within families and around policies arise. In this article, attitudes towards family and gender relations among men and women in different age groups in Germany, Italy and Sweden are analysed. The findings show that national policies seem to influence the level of attitudes among men and women. Despite the differences between the countries, an overall pattern emerges in which both age and gender influence people's understanding of women's paid work within and between the three countries. Finally, some implications of changing attitudes on welfare state policies for gender equality are discussed.     

灾荒史研究的若干问题

以问答形式，探讨灾荒史研究的几个理论问题地方政府与中央政府的关系；关于湖南改赈为贷的问题；传统社会与近代社会荒政的差异；政府和民间人士在赈灾活动中的地位。     

使用用户宏编制深孔加工程序

用数控钻铣床加工深孔时,会遇到排屑、冷却和润滑等困难问题.使用用户宏编制深孔加工程序可以解决此类问题.     

2008年国际金融危机产生的三大原因分析

2008年源于美国华尔街的金融危机席卷全球,给世界各国的经济政治带来了深远的影响。此次国际金融危机产生的原因有哪些？在众多的原因中,有效需求不足、单一的国际货币体系和新自由主义经济政策、次贷危机这三个方面是最主要的。分析此次金融危机的原因,可以使我们以后的经济社会发展走的更稳更好。     

论东汉对南匈奴的政策

匈奴是中国古代活动在北方蒙古草原上的一个游牧民族。东汉初年,因自然灾害和匈奴统治集团内部权力之争,分裂为南、北二部。东汉对内附的南匈奴采取了政治监护、军事防护、经济援助的措施。这种以羁縻、安抚为主的民族政策,对后世历朝处理少数民族地区的事务产生了深远而积极的影响。     

民族自决与民族区域自治:中共民族政策的历史考察

从主张民族自决转变到民族区域自治,中共不断探索并成功构建了符合国情的处理国内民族问题的适当模式。1940年代以前,接受列宁思想和共产国际决定,以民族自决为处理国内民族问题的方案。抗日战争期间,淡化民族自决观念,树立了民族区域自治的思想。《共同纲领》独创性地规定在全国实施民族区域自治制度。新中国成立后,宪法确认民族区域自治在国家政治制度体系中的重要地位。1980年代,第四部宪法和民族区域自治法的先后颁行,使民族区域自治制度建设进一步得以加强,民族地区经济、政治、文化及和谐社会建设全面发展。创立并实施中国特色的民族区域自治制度,坚持和发展马克思主义是思想条件。解决社会主义条件下的民族矛盾,必须坚持以经济建设为工作中心,坚持科学发展。     

Myopic Analysis for Multi‐Echelon Inventory Systems with Batch Ordering and Nonstationary/Time‐Correlated Demands

We provide an exact myopic analysis for an N‐stage serial inventory system with batch ordering, linear ordering costs, and nonstationary demands under a finite planning horizon. We characterize the optimality conditions of the myopic nested batching newsvendor (NBN) policy and the myopic independent batching newsvendor (IBN) policy, which is a single‐stage approximation. We show that echelon reorder levels under the NBN policy are upper bounds of the counterparts under both the optimal policy and the IBN policy. In particular, we find that the IBN policy has bounded deviations from the optimal policy. We further extend our results to systems with martingale model of forecast evolution (MMFE) and advance demand information. Moreover, we provide a recursive computing procedure and optimality conditions for both heuristics which dramatically reduces computational complexity. We also find that the NBN problem under the MMFE faced by one stage has one more dimension for the forecast demand than the one faced by its downstream stage and that the NBN policy is optimal for systems with advance demand information and stationary problem data. Numerical studies demonstrate that the IBN policy outperforms on average the NBN policy over all tested instances when their optimality conditions are violated.     

Preferential policies for ethnic minority students in China's college/university admission

Based on a review of the history and current circumstances of the preferential policies applied to ethnic minority students in college/university enrolment, the present paper justifies these policies from a social perspective and provides an evaluation of their impact. The paper concludes that these preferential policies function as an effective guarantee of equal access to education rights, opportunities and resources for those ethnic minority students whose educational performance is comparatively poor owing to external constraints from society, family and school. This conclusion applies in particular to the ‘lowering admission scores policy’ through which ethnic minority students can be admitted to higher education with lower scores than those belonging to all but a few categories of Han students.     

全球化世界中的农村生计:重回阶级视角审视

文章认为，在现代全球化商品生产环境下，构建生产和再生产的社会关系从普遍意义上讲就是阶级关系，提出应重回阶级视角审视和分析农村贫困及其产生原因。在这一视角下对现代农地变迁进行探讨，并在提出当代农耕变化七个命题的基础上，识别了不同阶层关系下的动力机制和不同发展政策议题下隐含的阶级动力，并指出，现有关于改善农业生产、农村生计和福利的政策忽略了阶级不平等性，因此它们也忽略了贫困的根本社会基础以及不同干预对此带来的重要影响。