自动化决策中数据处理者的合理分析义务

以立法形式规定数据处理者的合理分析义务,是预防算法风险、推进算法规制的一条基本路径。基于元规制理念的合理分析义务设置,既是一种过程性规制,也是一种目的性规制。该义务要求数据处理者既应保证分析过程正当,还要确保分析结果合理。合理分析义务目前分散规定在我国个人信息保护法律体系中,按照自动化决策流程可将其类型化为三项内容：分析前的注意义务、分析过程中的控制义务、分析后的审查义务。合理分析义务的规范取向是防止算法歧视,公平对待公民个人或数据主体。数据处理者违反此种义务将面临行政责任和民事责任。当下主要的问责途径是惩治“大数据杀熟”“信息茧房”和“社会分选”现象。     

论中国近代警察制度的发展

南京国民政府时期,适应国民党独裁专制统治的需要,近代警察制度得到进一步发展。这个时期,进一步完备了从中央到地方的警察网,使之更加趋于严密;制定了大量的警察法规,逐步完善了警察的内部管理体制;警政建设多方加强,不断健全警察的社会管理职能;强化了对各类警务人员的教育训练,使整个警察队伍素质有所提高。     

绘本教学对幼儿情绪调节能力的影响

为探索绘本教学对幼儿情绪调节能力发展的影响,本研究使用实验法和问卷法,随机选取某幼儿园中班共48名幼儿为研究对象以及幼儿所在班的W老师为实验合作者,以《中国第一套儿童情绪管理图画书》为载体对24名幼儿实施情绪绘本教学,实验组和对照组同时采用《幼儿情绪调节发展状况问卷》（教师评定）对幼儿情绪调节能力进行前测和后测。研究结果显示,实验组幼儿与对照组幼儿在基本情绪识别与理解、情绪的表达、情绪的调控和情绪的运用等方面的发展水平差异显著;实验组幼儿情绪调节能力各维度前后测存在显著性差异;对照组幼儿的情绪调节水平前后没有出现显著性差异。研究结果表明绘本教学促进了幼儿情绪调节能力的发展。     

Relations among Sadness Regulation,Peer Acceptance,and Social Functioning in Early Adolescence: The Role of Gender

Using a multi‐informant approach, this study examined emotion regulation within the social context of White and Black adolescent peer groups by assessing two aspects of sadness expression management (i.e., inhibition, disinhibition) and their linkages to peer acceptance and social functioning as a function of gender and ethnicity. Seventh‐ and eighth‐grade adolescents (N = 155, 52 percent female, 54.8 percent Black) completed self‐reports and peer nominations of sadness management and sociometric ratings of peer acceptance. Parents rated their child's social competence and social problems. Results revealed specific patterns of sadness regulation across informants that were associated with social functioning and varied by gender, but not ethnicity. Boys were more likely than girls to minimize sadness displays; boys who violated this pattern had lower peer acceptance and higher parent‐rated social problems. In contrast, although girls were rated as displaying overt sadness more frequently than boys, this was unrelated to peer acceptance.     

Caregiver Emotional Expressiveness,Child Emotion Regulation,and Child Behavior Problems among Head Start Families

The present study examined the relationships between caregivers' self‐reported positive and negative emotional expressiveness, observer assessments of children's emotion regulation, and teachers' reports of children's internalizing and externalizing behaviors in a sample of 97 primarily African American and Hispanic Head Start families. Results indicated that higher caregiver negativity and lower child emotion regulation independently predicted more internalizing behavior problems in children. Additionally, children's externalizing behavior problems were negatively predicted by caregivers' self‐reports of positive emotional expressiveness. Importantly, results also suggested that caregivers' emotional expressiveness and children's behavioral problems may be non‐linearly related, and that child gender may play an important moderating role. These results emphasize the importance of family emotional climate and child emotion regulation in the behavioral development of preschool‐age children, and highlight the need for improved theoretical and practical understanding of socioemotional development in diverse populations.     

Effects of a Punitive Environment on Children's Executive Functioning: A Natural Experiment

Few studies have examined the influence of environmental factors on children's executive functioning (EF) performance. The present study examined the effects of a punitive vs. non‐punitive school environment on West African children's EF skills. Tasks included a ‘cool’ (relatively non‐affective) and ‘hot’ (relatively affective/motivational) version of three EF tasks: delay of gratification; gift delay; and dimensional change card sort. Children had more difficulties with the hot versions of the tasks than the cool versions, and older children outperformed younger children. After controlling for verbal ability (Peabody picture vocabulary test‐third edition), a consistent pattern of interaction between school and grade level emerged. Overall, kindergarten children in the punitive school performed no differently than their counterparts in the non‐punitive school. However, in grade 1, children in the punitive school performed significantly worse than their counterparts in the non‐punitive school. These results point to the need to consider interactions among discipline style, age, and internalization processes of self‐regulation to better understand environmental influences on EF development.     

OECD国家私有养老金在金融危机中的业绩及治理

2008年爆发的金融危机,对于世界经济产生了深刻的影响,其中一个非常重要的方面就是对养老金基金的影响。养老金基金在金融危机中大幅贬值,引起了人们对于过去三十多年的养老金制度改革的怀疑,是继续改革还是回到从前成为各国政府和理论界面临的一个难题。通过对OECD国家私有养老金基金的投资、业绩及治理情况的分析,我们基本上可以肯定,金融危机对于基金积累型的养老金制度的影响可能是巨大的,但却是暂时的,养老金基金的长期业绩是良好的。通过加强养老金基金的投资风险管理和合理的外部监督,私有养老金是能够成为人们退休收入保障的一个稳定的源泉的。     

和谐社会视野下我国农村环境侵权问题的成因及法律规制

农村环境侵权是指侵权人由于向农村转嫁污染、排放污染物等行为导致农村环境状况发生不良改变,从而侵害农民合法权益的行为,它已危及到我国广大农村的发展、农民的健康和生命。我国农村环境侵权的现状是严重的,原因是多方面的,完善法律、法规是解决这一问题的重要手段和途径。     

港航城市之竞合关系及其法律规制——以上海建设国际航运中心为切入点

长三角区域内外各大港航城市在合作与竞争问题上已经展开并将长期存在一系列博弈,但是这种博弈目前还处于低效和失范状态。这很大程度上源于背后的内在体制冲突、地方政府的盲目绩效冲动以及立法的缺失和滞后,需要《中华人民共和国宪法》、《中华人民共和国立法法》、《中华人民共和国反垄断法》对其做出一一回应。通过有效的法律规制引导合作向深度发展,变对抗的竞争为合作的竞争,确保港航城市合作与竞争在法制统一原则下进行,才能够最大程度地在良性竞合关系中实现国际竞争力的提高,并推动区域内外经济的协调发展和全国性统一大市场的形成和完善。     

清代谥法制度的来源与确立

清代谥法制度是继承历史上确立并在历史各个朝代发展中不断变化的谥法制度,文章探讨了谥法制度是如何产生和发展,如何被清代继承和改变,其内容在使用的过程中发生了怎样的变化,出现了怎样的特点.