为证据概念再定义

尽管诉讼法学和证据法学界对证据这个概念给出了不少定义,但实际上依然没有体现证据的本质特征。过去的事件在现实中会留下许多的痕迹,包括人类的记忆也是一种痕迹。通过收集过去事件遗留的痕迹,并对这些痕迹进行分析,可以复原过去的历史,达到查清案件事实的目的。因此,证据是诉讼主体提出并用来证明过去事件的痕迹和对痕迹的分析。     

运动事件的翻译:语义特征的保留与转换研究——以《红楼梦》诗词英译为例

基于Talmy 的运动事件框架和词汇化模式研究,以杨宪益、戴乃迭和霍克斯的《红楼梦》诗词的译文为例,以方式、结果、路径和物像等特征为着眼点,探讨运动事件翻译过程中的语义特征保留与转换。研究发现,译者采用了不同的原文解析方式,以动词为中心重组译文,突显不同的语义特征,从而使译文的运动事件特征呈现不同的保留度与转换度。     

Sample size calculation for recurrent events data in one‐arm studies

In some exceptional circumstances, as in very rare diseases, nonrandomized one‐arm trials are the sole source of evidence to demonstrate efficacy and safety of a new treatment. The design of such studies needs a sound methodological approach in order to provide reliable information, and the determination of the appropriate sample size still represents a critical step of this planning process. As, to our knowledge, no method exists for sample size calculation in one‐arm trials with a recurrent event endpoint, we propose here a closed sample size formula. It is derived assuming a mixed Poisson process, and it is based on the asymptotic distribution of the one‐sample robust nonparametric test recently developed for the analysis of recurrent events data. The validity of this formula in managing a situation with heterogeneity of event rates, both in time and between patients, and time‐varying treatment effect was demonstrated with exhaustive simulation studies. Moreover, although the method requires the specification of a process for events generation, it seems to be robust under erroneous definition of this process, provided that the number of events at the end of the study is similar to the one assumed in the planning phase. The motivating clinical context is represented by a nonrandomized one‐arm study on gene therapy in a very rare immunodeficiency in children (ADA‐SCID), where a major endpoint is the recurrence of severe infections. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Short- and long-term stability in organizational networks: Temporal structures of project teams

Network research focuses on patterns of stable relationships, where stability represents the unfolding of social processes over long time frames. We argue that social interactions exhibit important regularities in different time frames (short and long term), reflecting distinct social processes. We illustrate the value of this distinction through a comparative case study of technology-mediated communication, within two project teams in a digital marketing agency. We examine how the embedding of interpersonal interactions in processes of reciprocity and closure over different time horizons enables the emergence of cohesion in the face of constant compositional changes. We propose that the time frames in which stable patterns of interactions develop are the key to understanding the nature of the underlying social processes with short-term patterns of closure and reciprocity representing adaptation to change while longer term patterns indicate cohesion. Our results are supportive of this argument and show that the two teams exhibit the same regularities in interactions but across different time horizons. We discuss the implication of our findings and argue that distinguishing between short- and long-term stability of social networks offers a novel and promising avenue for network research.     

气象灾害事件正式信息扩散模型研究

对气象灾害事件信息的研究是解构气象灾害事件的重要路径。依据信息传播的渠道和主体,可以将气象灾害事件信息划分为正式信息和非正式信息。气象灾害事件正式信息的扩散路径相对固定,发布具有可控性,但是正式传播渠道不能保证其真实性。气象灾害正式信息在扩散过程中具有非线性、稀释性和支离性等特征。在此基础上构建的气象灾害事件正式信息扩散模型表明,对气象灾害信息持开放态度,注重信息扩散方式的创新,加强对专业性信息的通俗化处理,重视对公众的培训和教育以及选择合适的气象灾害信息发布策略,将有助于引导信息扩散,优化气象灾害事件的应急处置。     

Post-finasteride syndrome – does it really exist?

Abstract

Inhibitors of 5α-steroid reductase are drugs used to treat androgen-dependent conditions including prostate diseases and androgenic alopecia. Finasteride was the first on the market and is currently the most widely used inhibitor. Dutasteride was the second inhibitor to be approved and has a similar safety profile. Common adverse events of treatment consist of sexual disorders and a negative affect balance. It was described that the prolonged use of 5α-steroid reductase inhibitors in patients with alopecia can cause persistent side effects called a post-finasteride syndrome (PFS), that is not just a simple coexistence of events, but rather a definite syndrome with an iatrogenic background. PFS occurs in susceptible individuals even after small doses of the drug and can last for a long time after the discontinuation of treatment. A deterioration in the quality of life in affected individuals does not justify use of the drug. Wider recognition of PFS symptoms, its incidence, course, prevention, and treatment possibilities will allow the indications for drug use to be reconsidered and treatment to be more personalized. Knowledge about PFS will also help to provide the best treatment for affected individuals and to properly educate patients before obtaining an informed consent for therapy with 5α-steroid reductase inhibitors.     

Ethnic Minority Families and Minority Gays and Lesbians

Attitudes toward sexuality differ within the diverse ethnic and racial communities that exist in the U.S., and the cultural values and beliefs surrounding sexuality play a major role in determining how individuals behave within their sociological context. The family unit is the domain where such values and beliefs are nurtured and developed. An individual's value system is shaped and reinforced within the family context which usually reflects the broader community norms. Disclosure of a gay or lesbian sexual preference and lifestyle by a family member presents challenges to ethnic minority families who tend not to discuss sexuality issues and presume a heterosexual orientation. For ethnic minority gays and lesbians the "coming out" process presents challenges in their identity formation processes and in their loyalties to one community over another. Ethnic gay men and lesbians need to live within three rigidly defined and strongly independent communities: the gay and lesbian community, the ethnic minority community, and the society at large. While each community provides fundamental needs, serious consequences emerge if such communities were to be visibly integrated and merged. It requires a constant effort to maintain oneself in three different worlds, each of which fails to support significant aspects of a person's life. The complications that arise may inhibit one's ability to adapt and to maximize personal potentials. The purpose of this paper is to examine the interaction and processes between ethnic minority communities and their gay and lesbian family members. A framework for understanding the process of change, that occurs for the gay or lesbian person as they attempt to resolve conflicts of dual minority membership, is presented. Implications for the practitioner is also discussed.     

大型体育赛事与城市形象建设

北京奥运会以后,中国各大城市逐渐掀起了承办大型体育赛事的高潮,这种密集型体育赛事现象的出现,有其历史的必然性。文章从三个方面予以分析:一是中国国情;二是中国转型时期的特点;三是从文化和风俗学意义上讲,体育赛事起到节日不足的调剂作用。文章对集约式举办大型体育赛事带来的负面作用进行了具体讨论,最后从"节俭办会"原则出发,提出了具体的操作性意见。     

微博的特点及其潮词英译解析

微博,即微型博客,是一类新兴起开放互联网社交服务和交流方式,其最大特点是便捷性和原创性。随着社会和经济的发展,微博潮词不断涌现,许多社会热点事件通过微博迅速传播。搞好微博热点事件和微博潮词英译对于网络文化建设和社会具有一定积极意义。     

整合资源 从容应对 努力提高政府应急处置能力

建立突发公共事件管理机制是党中央提出的构建社会主义和谐社会的重要组成部分。阐述了公共危机和社会应急机制的概念,提出了当前形势下加强应急管理的重要性和紧迫性,客观分析了我国预防和处置突发事件的现状,从领导体制、预案体系、指挥平台建设、心理防护、应急队伍建设等方面提出了对策和建议。