Exact small sample properties of an operational variant of the minimum mean squared error estimator

In this paper, we show a sufficient condition for an operational variant of the minimum mean squared error estimator (simply, the minimum MSE estimator) to dominate the ordinary least squares (OLS) estimator. It is also shown numerically that the minimum MSE estimator dominates the OLS estimator if the number of regression coefficients is larger than or equal to three, even if the sufficient condition is not satisfied. When the number of regression coefficients is smaller than three, our numerical results show that the gain in MSE of using the minimum MSE estimator is larger than the loss.     

工资伸缩性视角下的失业分析

主流经济学关于失业问题的研究通常集中在工资缺乏伸缩性的情形,而对工资伸缩性条件下可能出现的失业则缺乏应有的关注。通过构建一个基于向下倾斜劳动供给曲线的就业决定模型,解析出一种称之为“支出约束引致型失业”的新类型。这种失业即便在工资伸缩性条件下也会出现,而分析这种现象可以加深对处于工业化初期的国家或发展中国家之就业现实的理解,并对失业理论和政府政策制定作出一些新的解释。     

Erosion of purchasing power and labor supply

This paper presents three studies on the labor market in Italy, carried out using questionnaires over the course of time (1990–2002). The main result is that, if real wages decline to a certain extent, employed workers increase their labor supply, in order to recoup their lost purchasing power and to redress, perhaps unconsciously, the decline in their economic and social hierarchical position.As long as real wages grew at a satisfactory rate, in the early 90s, workers were unwilling to change their work schedules in either direction—exchanging income for leisure time at the current hourly wage or vice versa—whatever were their work time and wages. During the last decade workers—who suffered a decrease in real wages—have been willing to work more hours. As a result, workers did not demand more leisure time despite the fact that it had become cheaper as predicted by traditional theory. Thus, employers may expect a not-insignificant increase in labor supply if real wages decrease.     

心理健康标准的分析与建构

以循从社会规范和与环境的适应与否作为依据判断心理健康的标准是必要的 ,但是这一标准的问题在于社会规范和社会环境本身的历史性和地域性。心理健康标准可分为三个层次 ,即生理无症状层次、良好的社会适应层次、充分的心理机能发展层次。对健康状况的描述必须从质与量两个方面进行辩证分析 ,才能准确描述     

Heavy Drinking on College Campuses: No Reason to Change Minimum Legal Drinking Age of 21

Abstract

The recent Amethyst Initiative argues that a minimum legal drinking age (MLDA) of 21 has created a culture of heavy alcohol use on college campuses by making drinking clandestine and extreme. This group and others argue that lowering the MLDA will reduce the problem of “binge drinking” on college campuses. However, such a policy change would remove one of the most researched and supported policies in the nation's alcohol control arsenal. There is little evidence that other interventions or policies are capable of working on the same broad level as MLDA 21, and there could also be a deleterious ripple effect in related legislation because MLDA 21 works in conjunction with other drinking laws. In addition, historic and international experiences with a lowered MLDA indicate there are serious social and public health consequences. Instead of removing efficacious interventions, we must remain committed to implementing and enforcing evidence-based practices and legislation.     

Croissance économique et inégalités à Singapour: plaidoyer pour un salaire minimum

Sur fond de vieillissement de sa population et de dépendance vis‐à‐vis d'une main‐d'?uvre étrangère peu qualifiée, Singapour connaît une stagnation du revenu des travailleurs à bas salaire qui compromet l'objectif d'une croissance profitant à tous. L'auteur plaide pour l'instauration d'un salaire minimum, sans remettre en cause le complément de revenu actuellement versé aux travailleurs peu rémunérés. Il réfute les objections à cette instauration et en précise les modalités. Il propose aussi des mesures pour renforcer le filet de protection sociale et garantir une croissance durable.     

Opportunities for Community Organizing in the Realm of Economic Justice and Low Wage Worker Struggles

ABSTRACT

The new upsurge in labor organizing among low-wage workers provides community organizing with opportunities to engage in economic justice struggles. Low-wage workers are organizing in many sectors of the workforce that are difficult to organize. Their issues are part of the larger discourse concerning inequality in the United States. New forms of community organizing are developing in some areas that embrace economic justice issues. However, many of the national networks have yet to become involved in issues of community members in the capacities as workers. Macro social work needs to revisit its origins and forge a new tradition that incorporates the problems that inspired Jane Addams and her contemporaries, the issues of workers and immigrants.     

从交易成本角度看高校教师的懈怠行为

阐述了高校教师偷懒行为的存在,从交易成本角度分析了原因,辨证地分析了高校教师偷懒行为的利弊,肯定了这种偷懒行为的存在对于弥补高校货币资金不足,满足教师闲暇报酬方面起到的必不可少的作用。提出了充分发挥利用偷懒行为,合理控制偷懒行为的方法。     

Employment Effects of Minimum Wage Regulation and Cross Effect of the Employment Contracts Law

非线性规划分析表明,最低工资管制的就业后果不仅取决于最低工资管制本身, 还取决于外部监管环境,当监管环境强化到一定程度时,最低工资管制的就业冲击会 扩大。基于粤闽两省439家企业调查数据的实证分析表明,2008年提高最低工资标准 对农民工的就业冲击明显强于2007年,但对城镇劳动力没有造成明显强化的冲击。进 一步分析证明,农民工就业冲击的扩大主要源于《劳动合同法》引起的监管环境的强 化,而城镇劳动力就业冲击没有扩大主要源于二元就业制度对城镇劳动力利益的优先 保护。这提醒我们,《劳动合同法》对就业的影响很可能会通过强化最低工资管制等 其他管制措施的效果来间接实现。

关键词: 最低工资管制?《劳动合同法》?就业效应

Non‐linear programming analysis suggests that employment effects of minimum wage regulation are the result not only of the regulation itself but also of the external regulatory environment. At a certain level, the regulatory environment intensifies the effect on employment of minimum wage regulation. Empirical studies based on survey data from 439 enterprises in Guangdong and Fujian show that minimum wage rises had a greater impact on the employment of rural migrant workers in 2008 than in 2007, although no significant change was observed among workers who were permanent urban residents. Further analysis shows that the greater impact on migrant workers derives mainly from the strengthened regulatory environment brought about by the Employment Contracts Law. The permanent urban workforce has not been similarly affected because their interests have been given priority under the dual employment system. This reminds us that the employment effects of the Employment Contracts Law may be realized indirectly through other regulatory measures, including strengthened minimum wage regulation.     

Work effort, technical efficiency and productivity growth

This paper develops a model to examine labor-use efficiency associated with the effieciency wage theory and technical effieciency associated with the frontier production model. The generalixed modelcombines these two approaches and derives measures of technical and labor-use efficiency as well as their effects on productivity growth. It also seperates technical inefficiency from industry heterogenity. the model is applied to estimate loss of output due to technical and labor-use inefficiency for 18 two-digit U.S manufacturing industries using time series and cross-sectional data.