The child's – or the state's – best interests? An examination of the ways immigration officials work with unaccompanied asylum seeking minors in Norway

This article questions the way in which Norwegian immigration officials apply the principle of the child's best interests in cases concerning family reunion for unaccompanied asylum seeking minors in Norway. It is claimed that the official definition of child migrants and the interpretation of what is in their best interest does not take the child's background and circumstances into account with sufficient detail and sensitivity. This paper further discusses the bureaucratic procedures that turn an individual child with individual interests into a judicial and generalized prototype that appears to have the same interests as the immigration authorities. Thus the combination of a culture‐blind and context‐free consideration of an abstract child's best interests primarily serves to justify increasing restriction of family reunion for child migrants, and thereby serves the state's best interest at the cost of the individual child.     

城市未成年人与农村未成年人学习观的比较研究

本研究在对安徽省合肥、芜湖、马鞍山、淮北、巢湖、安庆、黄山、宣城等8个城市(含农村)的2426名未成年人进行了价值观现状的调查时,侧重对城市未成年人与农村未成年人学习观的基本特点以及相关问题进行了比较分析.     

汉代“劫质”行为与未成年受害者

汉代“劫质”行为是军事政治争斗的手段,也构成了严重危害社会安全的犯罪.“劫质”以未成年人为对象是常见的情形.研究当时未成年人生活,应当对于“劫质”现象中的相关情节予以关注.有人“劫执”桥玄少子以“求货”,桥玄以强硬态度拒绝,并力促攻击犯罪者,致使其子被杀.桥玄又建议朝廷“凡有劫质,皆并杀之,不得赎以财宝,开张奸路”.据说因此降低了“劫质”发案率.人们在这一事件中的表现,反映了面对“劫质”犯罪不同的情感倾向和处置方式,可以看作社会史和司法史研究的重要素材.而未成年人在法律和亲情复杂纠结时完全被动的地位,以及他们的生命权利在作案者和办案者双方都未得到应有的尊重,甚至其生死在历史记忆中往往缺失的情形,都值得人们深思.     

对我国未成年人刑事政策的思考

鉴于未成年人的特殊性,针对未成年人的刑事政策体现了提前干预的特点。但在我国的实践中,未成年人出现不良行为时学校、家庭和社会则是处于缺失状态,而未成年人的行为触犯法律或构成犯罪时,对其处罚又比较严厉。针对此现象,在未成年人不良行为的初期应加大教育、挽救的力度,而在未成年人有违法或犯罪行为时则应适用轻缓的惩罚。     

Half integer extreme points in the linear relaxation of the 2-edge-connected subgraph polyhedron

This paper studies the graphs for which the linear relaxation of the 2-connected spanning subgraph polyhedron has integer or half-integer extreme points. These graphs are called quasi-integer. For these graphs, the linear relaxation of the k-edge connected spanning subgraph polyhedron is integer for all k=4r, r≥1. The class of quasi-integer graphs is closed under minors and contains for instance the class of series-parallel graphs. We discuss some structural properties of graphs which are minimally non quasi-integer graphs, then we examine some basic operations which preserve the quasi-integer property. Using this, we show that the subdivisions of wheels are quasi-integer.     

论品格证据在检察机关办理未成年人 刑事案件中的运用

对品格证据在刑事诉讼中如何运用这一问题,英美法系国家规定了详尽的规则以指导司法实践,我国立法目前尚没有品格证据的概念,但司法实务已开始对未成年人刑事案件品格证据适用的相关探索,且已经成为处理司法个案的重要参考依据.品格证据制度的建立和适用,将会成为检察机关办理未成年人案件定罪量刑的重要课题.     

A six-year analysis of sex traffickers of minors: exploring characteristics and sex trafficking patterns

ABSTRACT

Few studies have explored the characteristics and arrest patterns of sex traffickers, particularly sex traffickers of persons under the age of 18 (minors) in the U.S. The purpose of this study is to understand the behavior and characteristics of a national cross sectional sample of sex traffickers of minors during a six-year period. This study explored cases involving the arrest of sex traffickers of minors or persons under the age of 18 in the United States from 2010 to 2015. Sex traffickers of minors was defined as a person who facilitates and/or benefits by receiving something of value for the commercial sexual exploitation of a minor (person under the age of 18) or attempts to do so. During a systematic online search, 1,416 sex traffickers of minors were identified. The arrests were found in 46 states in the United States, two U.S. territories, and Washington D.C. The sex traffickers of minors were mostly males (n = 1067, 75.4%), and of those with race identified (only 51.6%), 71.7% were African American. Their ages ranged from 15 to 70 years old (M = 28.5, SD = 8.54). Characteristics of the sex trafficker and the sex trafficking situation are analyzed and implications discussed.     

网吧治理的法律问题

从1998年公安部发布第一个关于网吧管理的法规以来，网吧发展与监管已走过了十年。文章讨论了其中涉及到的几个重要法律问题：网络信息安全、保护未成年人、版权问题、网络游戏、黑网吧等等。通过梳理分析政府管制的起因、逻辑和效果，展示转型中国网吧管制的复杂状况，同时也试图反映国家在互联网控制方面的政策与管理模式的变迁。     

The social care needs of unaccompanied minors: the Irish experience

This article examines forms of care which can be used by social workers to best respond to unaccompanied minors (UAMs) given their complex needs and particular vulnerability combined with their agency and resilience. The vulnerabilities and agency/resilience of UAMs are examined in the context of multiple borders (cultural, political and physical) being negotiated by these young people. While it focuses on Ireland as an example of a country where care provision for UAMs has improved considerably in recent years, it draws on both the Irish and international literatures. This article critically analyses the shift from hostel to foster care provision for UAMs in Ireland and explores benefits and difficulties associated with using foster care, while also discussing the use of alternative forms of care, such as residential care. We argue that social workers must always give consideration to a range of care options, to the needs of the individual child and to both their vulnerability and their resilience/agency. This is especially true given the diversity within the population of UAMs. Given the increasing numbers of refugees entering Europe and the mix of provision for UAMs across the continent, the Irish situation may represent a useful site for examination of their care.     

城乡、性别对当代未成年人价值观影响的相关性研究

调查表明,未成年人价值观总的来看基本一致,都把"世界和平"、"幸福"、"诚实"、"胸怀宽广"排在前几位,是评价最高的价值观.但也存在差异,农村未成年人渴望生存环境的和谐,城市未成年人关注自我主观需求;男性重视"勇敢",女性则崇尚"宽恕".随着城乡差距的缩小和性别平等观念的深入,"自由"、"平等"、"自尊"等个人品质价值观逐渐增强.