Public/Private Pension Mix,Income Inequality and Poverty among the Elderly in Europe: An Empirical Analysis Using New and Revised OECD Data

Prior studies have suggested that higher public pensions are associated with lower income inequality among the elderly, whereas the reverse is true for private pensions. Van Vliet et al. ( 2012 ) empirically test whether relative shifts from public to private pension schemes entail higher levels of income inequality among the elderly using panel data from the OECD SOCX and the EU‐SILC databases. Contrasting earlier empirical studies using either cross‐sectional or time‐series data, they do not find evidence that shifts from public to private pension provision are associated with higher levels of income inequality or poverty among the elderly. The aim of the current article is to extend the analysis of Van Vliet et al. by: (1) adding additional countries; (2) adding additionally available years; and (3) using revised OECD SOCX data. In contrast to Van Vliet et al., we find that a greater relative importance of private pensions is associated with higher levels of income inequality and poverty among the elderly. A central explanation of the difference in conclusions stems from the revision of OECD SOCX data.     

What is mixed in welfare mix? Welfare ideologies at stake in the Lithuanian case of social service delivery

The article deals with the development of social welfare and social services in Lithuania by describing cultural contexts and disclosing evaluations of social service providers and recipients and needs of social service delivery. The authors of the article discuss the changing role of the state, pose a question as to what the institutions and the actors are and to what extent should they participate in the creation of social welfare. One of the aims of this paper is to describe the development of the welfare mix in Lithuania, by showing that welfare is inevitably woven into the historical, economic, political and social context; the distinctive cultural configuration of the welfare mix in social services delivery in Lithuania is revealed. Empirical research (survey of social services recipients and providers) presented in the article discloses that actors of social services delivery experience tension and ambiguity between the demand of neoliberal policy to choose and be responsible and the expectation that the state will participate in the social service market. At the same time social services recipients and providers express a need for different actors to take an active part in the welfare system.     

Youth‐focused active labour market programmes in a constraining welfare regime: A qualitative reading of programmes in Egypt

Active labour market programmes (ALMPs) are at the core of welfare regimes in many countries across the world. This study addressed youth‐focused ALMPs in Egypt, a country with high youth unemployment and a plethora of programmes ostensibly addressing this issue. Building on interviews with implementers, programme documentation and a publically accessible inventory of programmes in Egypt, the analysis locates ALMPs within the country's overall welfare system and the politics of programme targeting, design, governance and implementation modalities. The legacy of state ‘protective’ policies and the fragmented multiplicity of players within the field constrain the effectiveness and outreach of these programmes. Analysis of implementation modalities also shows that there is a pervasive lack of programme coordination, activity documentation, management for results, and pathways to achieving sustainability and programme institutionalisation. Key Practitioner Message: ? Egypt's fragmented ALMPs field must be integrated and coordinated within the country's broader welfare system ? Programme documentation, management of results, rigorous evaluation and sustainability plans must be seriously addressed     

林语堂中西文化融会思想的渊源

林语堂有着中西文化融会的思想 ,其渊源既与他所处的地域文化环境息息相关 ,又与他的家庭背景不可分离 ,还与他在中西方的双重经历脱不了干系。可以说 ,中西文化自始至终对林语堂产生双面的影响 ,这是林语堂中西文化融会思想形成的客观原因 ,它通过林语堂的内因发生作用。     

旅游市场营销组合：要素与策略

市场营销组合理论经数次变革和创新,形成了与市场变化紧密结合的现代市场营销组合思想和理论。把市场营销组合普遍原理与特定产品和特定市场结合,有一个营销要素有机设置和营销模式选择问题。旅游市场营销组合是针对旅游产品和特定市场设置的市场营销方案,理应具有特定的市场营销组合方式和特定的营销策略。“产品要素组合＋营销要素组合”的有机整合是其中的思路之一。     

全球化背景下中国文化复兴之路初探

当前世界各种民族文化与思潮相互激荡、错综发展。身处其中的中国文化面临西方文化的冲撞挤压,同时潜蕴着新的发展机遇。在文化全球化的背景下,要实现中国文化的复兴,前提是保持自身文化的民族性,关键是积极融合世界各民族文化,加强自身文化的世界性,根本是进行文化创新。     

微机招生管理系统的设计和实现

招生管理系统是高校学生信息管理系统的子系统．系统除按运行正确可靠、最简输入、易理解、易使用、通用性良好、运行速度快等原则设计外，还按网络支持的原则进行设计．系统功能除具有数据的录入、资料查询、统计打印外，增加了异种机数据通讯的功能．阐述了系统各项功能及其数据库的实现．     

关系营销的动态组合模型

在“关系市场与关系营销组合模型”的基础上,针对该模型未解决的问题,建立“关系营销的动态组合模型”。此模型以企业的关系营销行为及其与营销对象的互动为核心变量,以企业的营销理念、企业关系营销的任务、资源状况和内外部环境为前因,以企业与营销对象的关系水平和企业效益为后果。它不仅能够增强关系营销的可操作性,使企业的关系营销成为可以设计和策划的,而且为更深入地研究关系营销提供理论框架。     

无砂混凝土在铁路工程中的应用研究

无砂混凝土作为一种新型的功能型建筑材料,宏观大孔对其力学性能影响显著,与传统混凝土相比无砂混凝土在强度增长、复合纤维增强及经历荷载后的破坏形式等方面体现出更多的不确定性,其配合比设计、结构特点及力学特性更接近水泥稳定碎石基层及沥青混凝土。通过现场大量试拌,当水灰比0.30、浆体体积占总体积的30%左右时28 d抗压强度可满足C20等级的设计要求。     

Las políticas de igualdad en el ‘welfare mix’: opiniones y percepciones sobre el papel de las ONGs

This paper has been structured in three areas. In the first one, the author shows the relevance that words and conversations among individuals have on social research, both terms being very important to the well-known sociologist and writer Franco Ferrarotti. In the second part, the author explains the necessary qualitative methodology to be used when analysing a main topic. In the third one, the author analyses the reality of non-governmental organisations (NGOs) from the gender perspective to detect if they are or not a reflection of that Spanish reality regarding sex discrimination. Finally, this paper states the challenge the Spanish society needs to face to outweigh sex inequality without excluding the NGOs or any other form of association. This paper calls for the involvement of society, which along with the state and market, has an important task to accomplish.