Symbolic Compliance and Student Concerns: Legal Endogeneity and Title IX at American Colleges and Universities

This article considers how American colleges and universities responded to rapid legal change around Title IX immediately following the 2011 release of the Office for Civil Rights’ Dear Colleague Letter. By analyzing the content of 250 campus sexual harassment policies, this article finds that contrary to the predictions of the employment discrimination literature, which suggests that the largest, most visible institutions in a field are the most likely to embed markers of symbolic compliance in their formal policies, small baccalaureate colleges are more likely to include references to the law in their formal documents than their research university peers do. To understand this intriguing finding, the article then analyzes 15 interviews with campus administrators at research universities and baccalaureate colleges to uncover the distinct logics of symbolic compliance and student concerns that differentially inform how actors at different kinds of institutions inhabit their roles and endogenously interpret new Title IX regulations in their formal policies and campus practices. In doing so, this article illuminates the ways in which processes of legal endogeneity differ across institution types within the broader field of higher education.     

近代广东商业人群在广西的分布面及其梯度差考详——粤港商业经济对广西经济辐射研究之二

文章从中国近代史上城镇经济主体——商业经济的角度切入,运用各类历史资料,分区逐县地确证广东商业人群以及所造成的“无东不成市”格局在全广西的分布范围,并揭示其在广西不同地域的程度等差和梯度分布状态。从而,以原始的生活场景原生态地呈现出粤港澳地区对广西经济辐射由东而西逐步推进、由城市而圩市逐层次渗透的基本节奏和客观规律。     

法律的困惑

我国现行法律给人予太多的困惑,如劳动法管不到农民工,婚姻登记管理条例违反婚姻法关于结婚条件的规定,交通法规大幅度减免机动车事故责任,赔偿责任违背重在保护弱者权益的立法精神,生产安全事故责任人刑事责任倚轻的规定,违背公平公正原则等,已经日益成为社会和谐的消极因素,应该引起人们足够的重视.     

我国股东代表诉讼实用性的经济学分析

设置股东代表诉讼的目的是为了完善公司治理,强化股东的经营监督和抑制违法的作用。但由于股东提起代表诉讼是为了公司和全体股东的利益,如何降低原告股东的诉讼成本对实现股东代表诉讼的立法目的具有重要的意义。     

加快推进人工智能劳动法治保障建设的对策研究

在当今人工智能从体力劳动工作岗位向脑力劳动工作岗位不断延伸扩展的态势下,“十九大”报告前瞻性地提出了加快人工智能和实体经济深度融合的战略目标。为此,有必要审视人工智能对劳动安全、就业促进、劳动法律关系、工伤保险、反就业歧视等劳动法治构成要素的挑战,并以“十九大”报告精神及国务院2017年《新一代人工智能发展规划》为指导,从确立新的劳动安全观、保障劳动者的充分就业、明确人工智能在劳动法律关系中的主体地位、在人工智能赋权革命的基础上建构人工智能工伤保险制度等方面采取对策措施,更新劳动法治观念,完善人工智能发展的政策法规、标准体系。     

Parenting Disputes After Separation and Divorce: Who Needs a Family Lawyer?

Australia's family law system continues to be plagued by serious delays. This article acknowledges the need for legal interventions in post‐separation parenting disputes in which individuals may be at risk, or in cases of genuine emergency. The article next contrasts cases involving significant risk or urgency with the many ‘ordinary’ (even if sometimes complex) post‐separation disputes over parenting in which these circumstances are not present. I argue that in such cases, legal advice, legally informed dispute processes, and court hearings are remnants from earlier attitudes to separation and divorce. These interventions are expensive, frequently destructive of ongoing parental relationships, and at their heart, inappropriate for considering the needs of children. They also divert time and resources from the critical investigative and legal decision‐making processes needed in urgent or risk‐related cases. I propose that legal narratives in ‘ordinary’ post‐separation parenting disputes be replaced by narratives focused on the main drivers of these disputes, which are invariably expressed in terms of relationship difficulties. Such narratives are amenable to facilitative, therapeutic, and systemic interventions aimed at achieving self‐determined resolutions. They contrast markedly with narratives reflecting common law notion of normative resolutions derived from the application of legal precedent. Key issues in the first section of the article are then teased out via the reflections of an imaginary separated parent in an ‘ordinary,’ albeit difficult and emotionally intense, dispute about how to care for the children. In the final section, I offer brief clinical and systemic reflections on past practice and on future narratives focused on individual self‐determination.     

Risk and diversification of nonprofit revenue portfolios: Applying modern portfolio theory to nonprofit revenue management

This study uses modern portfolio theory (MPT) to estimate the risk of nonprofit revenue portfolios and examines to what degree the revenue concentration measure based on Herfindahl–Hirschman Index is associated with the portfolio risk measure based on MPT. The findings suggest that nonprofits with greater revenue concentration have lower revenue portfolio risk in the whole sample analysis. However, it is plausible that this result is dominated by organizations reliant on commercial income, which comprise over half of the sample. In fact, when examined separately, the relationship varies by an organization's primary funding structure. While higher revenue concentration is positively associated with portfolio risk for organizations relying on donations or those without a consistent primary funding source, it appears to associate with a lower portfolio risk for commercial organizations and those relying on government grants. This study reflects on the concept of diversification derived from portfolio theory and calls attention to a more nuanced approach to nonprofit revenue strategy.     

薛福成与中英梅生私运军火一案的交涉

梅生案是上海、镇江两海关在1891年查获的一起以英国人梅生为首的私运军火案。由于治外法权的存在,该案由上海会审公廨审理,最终的结果是判处梅生九个月监禁。此案显然是重罪轻判,清政府对此判决深为不满,责令当时的驻英大使薛福成就此案与英国外务部进行交涉。经过多次艰难的交涉,梅生最终被驱逐出中国,这在一定程度上维护了中国的尊严,阻止了军火走私的蔓延之势,从而为中国赢得了一个有利的国际、国内环境。     

中国社会养老的文化分析

本文关注福利文化对社会养老制度和实践的影响,从文化视角审视中国现代社会养老项目的发展,揭示了老年社会福利模式与特定社会政策制定者对社会福利概念的理解和传统福利文化之间的关系。限定主义的价值观和公民权利意识的缺失阻碍着中国老年社会福利模式从剩余性到制度性的转变,抑制了社会福利在缩小老年群体内阶层差异方面的作用,促使了福利资源分配的不公。尽管人口老龄化和福利国家的文化扩散正在促使中国老年社会福利呈多元化发展趋势,多元福利体系的最终建立还有赖于社会公众和政策制定者对个人和国家关系的重新解读。     

民事责任归责问题的理论思考

民事责任的归责是指民事行为人违反法定义务或约定义务后,依什么为根据来使行为人承担强制性的不利后果。民事责任的归责基础是民事违约行为或违法行为对他人的权利或利益造成了损害。民事责任的归责基础和归责要素是两个既有区别又有联系的概念。由行为、损害、过错、因果关系、主体的特殊角色的不同组合构成了民事责任归责要素的内容。确定民事责任的归责原则需考虑以下规则:合理性规则、公正性规则、可操作性规则和逻辑性规则。