Female entrepreneurship: business,marriage and motherhood in England and Wales, 1851–1911

ABSTRACT

This article offers a new perspective on what it meant to be a business proprietor in Victorian Britain. Based on individual census records, it provides an overview of the full population of female business proprietors in England and Wales between 1851 and 1911. These census data show that around 30% of the total business population was female, a considerably higher estimate than the current literature suggests. Female entrepreneurship was not a uniform experience. Certain demographics clustered in specific trades and within those sectors employers and own-account proprietors had strikingly different age, marital status and household profiles. A woman’s life cycle event such as marriage, motherhood and widowhood played an important role in her decision whether to work, the work available to her and the entrepreneurial choices she could make. While marriage and motherhood removed women from the labour force, they had less of an effect on their levels of entrepreneurship. Women who had young children were more entrepreneurial than those who had none, and entrepreneurship rates rose with the arrival of one child and continued to rise the more children were added to the family.     

《太阳照在桑干河上》与丁玲的创作个性

曾有学者认为《太阳照在桑干河上》是丁玲失去创作个性的产物。本文从不久前公开发表的丁玲一篇佚文入手,联系该长篇小说创作与出版过程中的曲折经历,对其体现的作者创作个性作了较为具体扼要的分析,证明它仍具有丁玲作品一贯的大气和锋芒;并通过相关材料的独家披露,澄清了《桑干河上》何以能获得斯大林文艺奖这一文学史上经常引起猜测和遭致误解的谜团。     

伦理人生的义理与实践——梁漱溟在现代新儒家阵营中的特色与贡献

现代新儒家阵营中,梁漱溟是将理论与实践、道德与制度、人生安顿问题与社会现实熔铸一炉、双向并建的极少数思想家之一。他的思想特色与贡献在于以下三个方面:第一,通过自己独特的生命体悟,倡导"孔子之真",抉发孔子的生命智慧,从而使儒家伦理之真精神得以彰显;第二,敏锐地意识到如果没有规矩制度或道德规范的制约作用,道德生活也就难以实现;第三,指出现代化的鹄的不仅仅是为了富强,更主要的是为了安顿人的生命。梁漱溟立足于中国特有的伦理人生精神来寻求中国的出路并安顿中国人的人生这一思考方向,将在21世纪乃至未来的中国及世界越来越凸显其意义。     

学术研究岂可背离学理——对黄浩博士《文学的面孔:正在变得模糊起来》的学术批评

黄浩博士所谓的"后文学时代"与其所谓的"文学经典时代"一样是虚假的,它严重歪曲了文学生活的本相。从历史发展的角度看,也许存在着一个"后文学时代",但它不是也不可能像黄浩博士所"描绘"和"规定"的那样。那它是何样子的呢?要回答这样一个吃力且不易于讨好的问题,除黄浩博士所特别看重的"理论勇气"和"历史责任感"之外,还应该尊重客观事实,依循学理要求,并且有足够的耐心。     

论《望舒草》的现代悲秋主题

揭示了《望舒草》悲秋主题的现代意蕴,指出戴望舒在“望舒草时期”并没有仅仅停留在一己的爱恋悲欢上,而是自觉地与中国传统“悲秋文化主题”进行结合,进入了一种更深沉的生命体验中。     

巫术与人生礼俗--以宋代为例

巫术通常利用民俗作为载体,从宋代的催生礼、诞生礼到隆重的婚娶丧祭,无不反映出巫术与人生礼俗的密切关系,尽管其中掺杂了许多有悖礼制、荒谬和非理性的成分,却作为习俗融进了日常生活.     

多状态生命表模型在人力资源规划中的应用研究

本文针对企业人力资源变动的结构性特征,将人口统计分析中的多状态生命表模型应用于企业人力资源规划中,并应用此模型对某一企业人力资源状况进行详细的分析研究,验证这一模型在人力资源规划中的可行性,揭示我国企业人力资源流动现状。     

Quality of Life in a City: The Effect of Population Density

There exist a number of concepts andoperational definitions of quality of life. Inthe present study the aim has been to develop acomprehensive, global index of quality of life,and relate the sub-indexes and global index tovarious socio-demographic variables, somatichealth and density of population in theresidential area. The sample consisted of 2066individuals between 18 and 65 years old fromthe common population. Seven sub-indexes weredeveloped. They constituted one factor withmoderate intercorrelations between thesub-indexes. Good somatic health, living in astable relationship with a partner, preferablymarried, in a less densely populated area,having a good education, a good income andbeing a younger female were the independentstatistical determinants of global quality oflife. However, various sub-indexes were relatedto different socio-demographic variables. Agewas oppositely related to differentsub-indexes. The study shows the importance ofwhat type of quality of life is investigated.To our knowledge, this is the first study ofthe effect of population density on quality oflife.     

秘鲁城市女性劳动参与的微观研究

本文利用2001年秘鲁国家统计和信息局第三期家庭抽样调查数据,运用Logistic回归,分析了在秘鲁城市中,人口、经济和教育变量是如何影响女性劳动参与的.并且将首都利马和利马以外的其他地区加以区分来进行分析。研究结果表明在秘鲁城市范围内.女性劳动参与随着女性生命周期的变化出现了很明确的模式;生育、婚姻状况、与家长的关系、接受高等教育(指硕士及以上和培训)明显地影响女性劳动参与。在首都利马和其他地区的大部分影响方向很类似。但是在首都利马的影响程度要大一些。