Population Policy in Early Victorian England

This paper argues that the generally-held belief that there was no population policy in Great Britain during its fertility transition is incorrect. There were, in fact, clear and implicit and explicit policies in place by the early 19th Century which aimed at reducing population growth. These were negative, involving elimination of family allowances (the famous Poor Laws), and also positive, through subsidised emigration and ``transportation' of felons to the colonies. Moreover, a changed ``ideation' on the part of the nation's political, intellectual and spiritual leaders, changed norms about marriage and child-bearing, raising sharply the perceived economic and psychic cost of children. Lacking acceptable means to control pregnancies, many working class women resorted to abortion, infanticide and child abandonment to reduce their family size. The policy's actual impact on overall fertility is uncertain but it did constitute a deliberate attempt by society to affect demographic behaviour and outcomes.     

论中国实施战略性贸易政策的必要性及可能性

中国现行的“有管理的贸易自由化”阻碍了产业结构的优化,有必要实施战略性贸易政策。目前,中国实施战略性贸易政策的内部及外部约束条件已经可以得到满足,如中国可以充分利用WTO各项协议的例外条款和对发展中国家的特殊待遇,另外,中国也可以逐步满足不完全竞争市场结构与规模经济效应条件以及良好的市场经济运行体制条件。     

试析19世纪末20世纪初德国外交政策转变的经济动因

19世纪末20世纪初,统一后的德国无论从经济发展还是社会变化都已发展为一个现代意义上的工业化国家,作为上层建筑的基础,它也必然会促使德国外交政策的转变。     

1989年以来澳大利亚多元文化政策的发展评析

澳大利亚多元文化政策产生于1973年,在1989年被确立为基本国策。此后,多元文化政策得到澳大利亚历届政府不断的坚持和改进,并在原则和措施等方面出现了一些新的发展趋势。这些适时的变化促进了澳大利亚社会的宽容与和谐。     

合乎历史 顺乎民意——论《反分裂国家法》出台的意义

《反分裂国家法》是中国政府为了反对和遏制“台独”势力分裂祖国,促进祖国和平统一所制订的一部法律。它体现了国家意志,代表了全中国人民的心声,是一部和平统一的法、一部促进两岸关系发展的法,也是一部中国自主解决台湾问题的法。它的出台有助于反对和遏制“台独”势力分裂国家,有助于促进两岸关系稳定发展,有助于维护台海地区的和平与稳定,合乎历史,顺乎民心。     

The Role of Cancer Risk in the Regulation of Industrial Pollution

The extent of carcinogen regulation under existing U.S. environmental statutes is assessed by developing measures of the scope and stringency of regulation. While concern about cancer risk has played an important political role in obtaining support for pollution control programs, it has not provided the predominant rationale for most regulatory actions taken to date. Less than 20% of all standards established to limit concentrations of chemicals in various media address carcinogens. Restrictions on chemical use are more frequently based on concerns about noncancer human health or ecological effects. Of the chemicals in commercial use which have been identified as potential human carcinogens on the basis of rodent bioassays, only a small proportion are regulated. There is an inverse relationship between the scope of regulatory coverage and the stringency of regulatory requirements: the largest percentages of identified carcinogens are affected by the least stringent requirements, such as information disclosure. Standards based on de minimis cancer risk levels have been established for only 10% of identified carcinogens and are restricted to one medium: water. Complete bans on use have affected very few chemicals. The general role that carcinogenicity now plays in the regulatory process is not dramatically different from that of other adverse human health effects: if a substance is identified as a hazard, it may eventually be subject to economically achievable and technically feasible restrictions.     

财政赤字货币化过程中铸币税收益问题分析

铸币税即政府发行货币所取得的收入 ,一般可理解为货币发行成本和货币面值间的差额。在通货膨胀情况下 ,货币的实际购买力下降 ,政府的实际铸币税收入小于其名义铸币税收入。铸币税问题的讨论一般是同财政赤字货币化问题相联系的。我国当前的积极财政政策是以增发国债为核心 ,财政赤字经常化。政府可以从财政赤字货币化中得到多少铸币税收入受制于三个因素 :经济增长对基础货币的需求 ,经济的实际增长率 ,以及货币需求对通货膨胀和收入的弹性     

关于高校师资管理机制的探讨

该文阐述高校师资管理机制的含义、特征、作用 ,通过分析高校师资管理机制存在的问题和原因 ,进而提出师资管理机制的完善对策。     

宋太祖受禅的佛教谶言与宋初政教关系的重建

从学界不太关注的宋太祖受禅的佛教谶言之视角 ,探讨宋初良性政教关系重建的原因     

南汉割据及其政治设施探析

讨论五代时期南汉政权的建立及其主要设施,并对南汉割据原因进行分析。南汉是唐末社会动荡的产物,五代时期中原战乱频仍,南汉刘氏保据岭南免遭兵燹,大力推行中原文化,有利于地方经济和文化的发展。当中原局势稳定时,南汉便失去了存在的基本条件。