The benefits of a nap during prolonged work and wakefulness

Prolonged work scenarios with demands for sustained performance are increasingly common. Because sleep loss inevitably compromises functioning in such situations, napping has been proposed as a countermeasure. The optimal timing of the nap relative to its benefits for performance and mood is not known, however. To address this issue, 41 healthy adults were permitted a two-hour nap at one of five times during a 56-hour period of intermittent work, with no other sleep. Naps were placed 12 hours apart, near the circadian peak (P) or trough (T), and were preceded by 6(P), 18(T), 30(P), 42(T), or 54(P) hours of wakefulness. Work test bouts occurred every few hours and consisted of a variety of psychomotor and cognitive tasks as well as mood scales completed at the beginning, middle and end of each bout. A total of eight performance and 24 mood parameters were derived from the bouts and compared between groups at all test points prior to and following the naps. An estimate of the extent to which each nap condition differed from the control (P54) condition was derived by totalling the proportion of test points that yielded statistically significant results relative to the total number of tests conducted both before and after naps.

Although all performance and most mood parameters displayed a circadian-modulated deterioration as the protocol progressed, a nap appeared to attentuate the extent of this change in all performance parameters but not in mood parameters. Overall, the timing of the nap across days and within the circadian cycle was irrelevant to its effect on performance, suggesting that it diminished the intrusion of sleepiness into behavioural functioning, even though subjects were phenomenally unaware of this benefit.     

作为动词的全球化:时态、语态和心态

中国文学的全球化,是“全球化”作为动词的一个过程,既然是一个过程,全球化就既是一个事实,同时也是一种想象,是作为动词的全球化的一种进行时态。在全球化语境下,中国现代文学的发生发展是在被动的情形下展开的,虽然这种被动并不意味着中国文学毫无作为。在全球化这个动词的时态、语态背后,还隐藏着中国文学研究者某种特殊的情感:民族情绪与传统文人心态。     

形式、意蕴与音乐性——《再别康桥》音乐性新探

从诗歌的情绪意蕴与形式的关系入手,分析《再别康桥》一诗的旋律特征和旋律发展,以此探析该诗在音乐性上的独特性,并简要分析该诗形式与意蕴实现完美统一的奥秘。     

论中国画意境中的诗性建构

中国自古以来所表现出的文与艺浑整未分、互通有无、彼此不分的状态。使诗性和画境呈现出完美的一律性．在心理的熔化下形成“异迹而同趣”的审美意象。通过“禅意—诗意—画意”的途径,将景随时易的日回月周、寒署易节作为审美的对象。中国画意境中的诗性建构使绘画真正成为一种“时间品味方式”。这正是中国传统绘画的独特品性所在。     

英语虚拟式的隐喻认知模式

虚拟式表现了现实与虚拟之间的一种“距离”,距离的产生必然会导致空间的转移和时间的推移,反映在虚拟式的语法结构中就是时态的变化。建构英语虚拟式的语法结构与人类经验结构的“像似性”,得出语法结构在一定程度上是符合人的认知规律并受其制约或支配的。     

西部诗人高凯的乡土世界

甘肃诗人高凯的乡土诗在中国西部当代诗歌中是独特的,他构筑的乡土世界已逐渐引起评论家的关注并赢得较高的评价。他的乡土诗主要有这样三部分组成:一,风俗画的展现;二,乡情、乡愁的吟唱;三,家园意识的追寻。高凯的乡土世界是厚重的、完整的。诗歌具有哲学和人类学的思想高度。     

从换韵看王令《梦蝗》诗的情绪变化

换韵与情绪宣泄关系十分密切,从王令《梦蝗》诗可以明显看到这一点。从《梦蝗》诗的换韵中人们可以有效地把握王令诗的情绪节奏变化特征,真正理解作为"蓄含悲愤"而又"笔力恣肆"诗人的情绪结构本质。     

论语气三角和句末点号

文中用普遍联系的观点重新审视了句类,在此基础上建立了语气三角模型,说明了句末点号和陈述、疑问、祈使、感叹四种语气类型之间的网状关系,为正确运用句末点号提供了依据。     

姚孝锡诗歌情感探微

姚孝锡是由宋入金文人群体中的重要一员,其传世的诗歌虽仅有30余首,但都属于明性见情之作。他的诗作具有多元化的情感意蕴：一是萦绕心头的故国之思,二是似水流年的孤独情怀,三是优游人生的冲淡心境。这些数量不多却包孕诸多情感的诗歌,不仅极大地改变了金初＂借才异代＂时期滞金文人诗中多抒发内心激愤不平之气的单一风貌,同时也为金中期诗歌风格的多样化奠定了基础。     

曾国藩的心物观

曾国藩是理学的虔诚信仰者和笃实践履者,一生勤治理学.其对理学的贡献不在学理而在实用.本文重在探讨曾国藩理学思想中的心这一核心概念,通过分析心与理、气、性、物、境、欲等的关系,从哲学层面揭示曾国藩理学思想的丰富性和实用性,而这也是前人较少涉猎之处.