谈人工流产中的尊重原则

全面正确的理解人工流产中的尊重原则是生命伦理学的根本要求.在人工流产中,既要尊重母亲的生命权、健康权和在生育、人工流产中的自主权,又不能忽视母亲在生育、人工流产中对国家、社会、他人、胎儿的责任和义务;既要尊重胎儿的生命权,又要了解胎儿生命权的有限性;既要协调胎儿、母亲的权利,又要兼顾社会国家的利益.     

标准化测试对学生语言能力的影响

目前国内大学、中学的英语教学和测试中多采用标准化形式,其中有利也有弊。本文试图通过教学实践的总结对此问题进行初步探讨;通过对标准化形式之利与弊的分析,建议采用多种形式进行练习与测试,从提高学生的语言能力着眼,促进学生的英语水平的提高。     

The Uniqueness of the Child–Father Attachment Relationship: Fathers' Sensitive and Challenging Play as a Pivotal Variable in a 16-year Longitudinal Study

This longitudinal study of forty‐four families explored fathers’ as compared to mothers’ specific contribution to their children's attachment representation at ages 6, 10, and 16 years. In toddlerhood, fathers’ and mothers’ play sensitivity was evaluated with a new assessment, the sensitive and challenging interactive play scale (SCIP). Fathers’ SCIP scores were predicted by fathers’ caregiving quality during the first year, were highly consistent across 4 years, and were closely linked to the fathers’ own internal working model of attachment. Qualities of attachment as assessed in the Strange Situation to both parents were antecedents for children's attachment security in the Separation Anxiety Test at age 6. Fathers’ play sensitivity and infant–mother quality of attachment predicted children's internal working model of attachment at age 10, but not vice versa. Dimensions of adolescents’ attachment representations were predicted by fathers’ play sensitivity only. The results confirmed our main assumption that fathers’ play sensitivity is a better predictor of the child's long‐term attachment representation than the early infant–father security of attachment. The ecological validity of measuring fathers’ sensitive and challenging interactive play behavior as compared to infant proximity seeking in times of distress is highlighted. Findings are discussed with respect to a wider view on attachment in that both parents shape their children's psychological security but each in his or her unique way.     

母语负迁移对翻译的影响及解决办法

母语负迁移对英语翻译的影响主要体现在词法、句法和篇章结构上。本文从母语负迁移在翻译中的具体表现入手,分析了母语负迁移对翻译的影响,并提出了解决办法。     

School's out! Why earlier among children of lone parents?

The aims of this population-based study were to analyse educational attainment at ages 24–25 among children of lone parents in comparison with children living with two biological parents, to increase understanding of the factors that seem to be of major importance in increased risks of lower educational achievement and to examine how the life circumstances of non-custodial parents influence possible differences. We found that children who grew up with only one parent showed lower educational attainment than did children in two-parent families. Poorer educational performance on the part of the offspring of lone parents can be explained to a large extent by socio-economic disadvantage, especially a lack of economic resources. However, achievement varies according to cause of lone parenting, and findings strongly indicate that adjusting solely for custodial parents' circumstances may lead to under-estimation of the relationship. Lone parenting seems to have a more detrimental effect on girls' education, and also within groups of children with highly educated parents than among those with a relatively low level of education.     

论汉代人的母亲情结

汉代人对母亲怀有深深的崇敬之情 ,统治者或神化母亲 ,或尊母亲以封号 ,或厚葬母亲 ,民间则为母亲尽孝服丧。汉代人为了维护母亲的形象往往杀死侮辱母亲的人 ,对母亲的话言听计从 ,尽心奉养母亲。统治者所颁行的法令法规促进了母亲情结的深化 ,社会舆论对母亲情结的强化起了推波助澜的作用。     

理解·反动——五四与新时期女性小说中母亲角色定位之比较

以母亲形象为切入点,通过阅读女作家的作品,截取五四时期与新时期这两个女性自我意识相对活跃的时期进行考察。研究发现,在中国产生真正意义上的女性文学的五四时期,女作家们尚能注重母亲这一社会角色并对其加以衡估,母子、母女之间即便有隔阂,相互之间的爱却不容置疑;延伸至上世纪末的文坛,母亲形象轰然倒塌,母性崇高的社会人格被消解、颠覆,母性人格第一次被庸俗化、丑恶化。同时,在分析研究的过程中,肯定每次演变的历史突破与成就,挖掘不可规避的局限性或是误区,期盼对母亲形象书写进行更为深入的探索。     

大学生英语学习中母语依赖的特点

采取定量研究的方法,调查了大学新生英语学习中的母语依赖情况。结果显示尽管母语观念与母语策略之间存在着不一致性,但大学生在英语学习过程中的母语依赖现象是不可回避的。同时,语言输出中的母语策略使用量高于语言输入中的使用量,并且写的母语依赖问题最为突出。     

Physical and social circumstances of children in Iran affected by the incarceration of the mother

The children of incarcerated parents have been a relatively invisible population. More and more children are being affected by the incarceration of a parent. These young people are already at high risk along several dimensions and tend to live under conditions characterised by poverty, instability and diminished access to sources of support. The study presented in this research explores the physical, social and psychological conditions of children in Iran affected by the incarceration of the mother, thereby contributing to the international literature by describing the problem of children of prisoners in Iran. Here we describe in an international perspective the physical and social conditions with which these children are confronted. The study comprises 33 children who had spent some time in prison with their mothers but were then moved to welfare centres. The most prevalent illnesses of these children were infectious diseases, bruises, wounds on lips and fractures of the hand. The Vineland Social Maturity Scale indicated that the children's locomotion and socialisation skills were relatively low.     

Does Part-Time Mothering Help Get a Job? The Role of Shared Custody in Women’s Employment

Though child shared physical custody arrangements after divorce are much more frequent and parents who use it more diverse in many European countries, little is known about their economic consequences for parents. By relaxing family time constraints, does shared custody help divorced mothers return to or stay on work more easily? Since lone mothers are one of the least-employed groups, and they face high unemployment rates, the type of child custody arrangement adopted after divorce is of particular interest for their employability. This article analyses to what extent the type of child custody arrangement affects mothers’ labour market patterns after divorce.Using a large sample of divorcees from an exhaustive French administrative income tax database, and taking advantage of the huge territorial discrepancies observed in the proportion of shared custody, we correct for the possible endogeneity of shared custody. Results show that not repartnered mothers with shared custody arrangements are 24 percentage points more likely to work one year after divorce compared to those having sole custody, while no significant effect is found for repartnered mothers. Among lone mothers, we also highlight huge heterogeneous effects: larger positive effects are observed for previously inactive women, for those belonging to the lowest income quintiles before divorce, for those with a young child, and for those who have three or more children. Thus, shared physical custody arrangements may reduce work–family conflict by diminishing childcare expenses and enlarge the possibilities to find a suitable job because of more relaxed time constraints for lone mothers.