关于Ramsey语句的一个注记

F·P·Ramsey(拉姆西)发现,应用二阶逻辑对一个有有限数目公理的科学理论T而言,T中的理论性词项可以被消除。将T的公理用Ramsey语句来代替可以保持T的所有的经验推论。狭义而言,Ramsey方法通过对理论性词项的意义存而不论,从而提供了一种处理该类词项的逻辑技巧;广义而论,Ramsey方法强调对对象之间的关系的描述,而对对象的本质的解释存而不论。本文通过比较Ramsey方法与逻辑经验主义对运算和解释的区分以及对近代科学方法论的若干思考而得到这一对Ramsey方法的广义理解。     

Testing noninferiority in three‐armed clinical trials based on likelihood ratio statistics

Clinical noninferiority trials with at least three groups have received much attention recently, perhaps due to the fact that regulatory agencies often require that a placebo group be evaluated along with a new experimental drug and an active control. The authors discuss likelihood ratio tests for binary endpoints and various noninferiority hypotheses. They find that, depending on the particular hypothesis, the test reduces asymptotically either to the intersection‐union test or to a test which follows asymptotically a mixture of generalized chi‐squared distributions. They investigate the performance of this asymptotic test and provide an exact modification. They show that this test considerably outperforms multiple testing methods such as the Bonferroni adjustment with respect to power. They illustrate their methods with a cancer study to compare antiemetic agents. Finally, they discuss the extension of the results to other settings, such as Gaussian endpoints.     

英语写作中句子层面的强语势

英语写作是英语学习者必须掌握的四项基本技能之一。句子是篇章中表达一个完整意义的最小基本单位。“强调”作为突出内容的手段从句子层面来说有整句强调和句内强调两种。有效这用强语势有助于写作者更准确地表达思想感情。     

消费场理论——可持续发展议题的经济学沉思

本文从可持续发展角度,提出并阐释了全新的消费范畴──消费场;阐述了导入消费场范畴后消费结构的演进规律;着重探讨了建立在消费场范畴基点上,与部分产出财富观和全产出财富观具有重大差异,可显著改善人类社会财富图景的综合财富观。     

On the Deng-Lin random number generators and related methods

We study the structure and point out weaknesses of recently proposed random number generators based on special types of linear recurrences with small coefficients, which allow fast implementations. Our theoretical analysis is complemented by the results of simple empirical statistical tests that the generators fail decisively. Directions for improvement and alternative generators are also pointed out.     

近代汉语几种句式结构成分的变化及其句法后果

对近代汉语三种句式结构内部成分变化现象的分析 ,可以看出这几种句式结构内部旧成分的隐含、缺失、虚化最终也会引起句式结构的变化、句式语义的根本变化     

体词谓语句研究说略

体谓句的研究有三个阶段,一是纷争阶段,二是明确阶段,三是论证阶段。这三个阶段从一个侧面反映了汉语研究的进展过程——从描写到解释的进步。从句式角度并结合语篇是体谓句研究的两个突破口。     

有固相析出的多效错流蒸发过程的热量衡算方法

本文提出了有固相析出的错流进料多效蒸发过程的热量衡算方法，并给出了利用本文热量衡算方法结合相图计算进行有固相析出的多效错以蒸发过程的物料衡算和热量衡算的逐步逼近计算步骤。     

仫佬语定中结构及名词修饰语语序简析

“名+形”是仫佬语固有的定中结构,而“形+名”是后来为了适应语用需要经历史演变而逐步形成的。     

大学生应用英语技巧:长句、难句的阅读

就如何做好英语阅读, 语言学家以及专家们著文不少, 但少有论及长句以及难句的阅读。本文从文体学和句法学的角度分析了长句和难句存在的必然性,通过大量的例句说明长句难句之所以造成阅读困难是因为常见的语法成分被分断开, 而逗号以及插入语的使用使分断成为可能。掌握这一特点就能悟出一个可以使这些长句难句在阅读中变得容易一些的技巧:学会辨认这种类型的逗号以及插入语。