Structure learning of Bayesian networks by continuous particle swarm optimization algorithms

In this paper, the problem of learning Bayesian network (BN) structures is studied by virtue of particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithms. After analysing the optimal flying behaviours of some classic PSO algorithms, we put forward a new PSO-based method of learning BN structures. In this method, we treat the position of a particle as an imaginary likelihood that represents to what extent the associated edges exist, treat the velocity as the corresponding increment or decrement of likelihood that represents how the position changes in the process of flying, and treat the BN structures outputted as appendants of positions. The resulting algorithm and its improved version with expert knowledge integrated are illustrated to be efficient in collecting the randomly searched information from all particles. The numerical study based on two bechmarking BNs shows the superiority of our algorithms in the sense of precision, speed, and accuracy.     

西汉后妃的悲剧色彩

西汉后妃是一个具有悲剧色彩的女性群体。在后宫争宠争权的残酷角逐中,失败的后妃往往是被废、被杀或自杀;有些后妃虽然一时成功,但是随着政权的变更,同样是下场凄凉;还有一些后妃则完全成为政治牺牲品。作为帝王的妻妾,那些无宠和失宠的后妃在情爱方面都有太多的缺憾和痛苦,有些后妃即便是地位尊崇,大权在握,可是她们的内心深处仍然有难以愈合的创伤。     

中国当下文学的情感审美取向

经过新时期和新世纪的时空更替,市场经济已取得长足的进步和发展,与此同时国人在思想情感诸方面也随之发生较大的转变,这种转变虽然总体看是值得肯定的,但也存在某些不足之处。这一切在当代的文学作品中也有相当的反映。亲情的疏远淡薄倾向、友情的世俗疏离倾向、爱情的性爱泛滥倾向等,就是这种情感审美取向的现实转变的文学表现。     

党要代表中国先进文化的前进方向

党的建设要体现中国先进文化的前进方向 ,这是社会主义基本经济规律的内在要求。文化与经济是两个既相互联系又相互区别的社会系统 ,二者在互动中推动着社会的发展。要正确认识和分析社会转机过程中文化与经济的种种矛盾和冲突 ,为构建社会主义市场经济的新型文化准备条件。     

Studentized robust statistics for,main effects in a two-factor manova

Multiresponse experiments in two-faoior manova are considered. StalibLical procedures of the test and estimation, based on studentized robust statistics. for location parameters in the models arc piupused. Large sample properties of their procedures as the cell sizes tend to infinity are investigated. Although Fisher's consistency is assumed in the theory ol ili-estimators, it is not needed. in this paper. For the univariate case, it is found that the asymptotic relative efficiencies (ARE's) of the proposed procedures relative to classical procedures agrees with the classical A/Sisresults of Huber's one sample Mestimator relative to the sample mean. By simulation studies, it can be seen that the proposed estimators are more efficient than the least squares estimators except for the case where the underlying distribution is normal     

A Time‐Dependent Risk Assessment for Broken Compact Fluorescent Lamps

Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) ambient air quality guidelines are meant to limit long‐term exposures of toxins to safe levels. Unfortunately, there is little guidance for what constitutes a safe level from a one‐time (or very infrequent) short exposure(s). In the case of mercury, a review of the derivation of the EPA ambient air quality standard shows that it implicitly assumes a tissue burden model. The time dependence of the tissue burden is commonly described in terms of a half‐life, a modeling assumption that presumes that the decline in the tissue burden after a single exposure can be approximately described as an exponential decay. In this article, we use a simple exponential tissue burden model to derive a time‐dependent no observable adverse effect level (NOAEL) for mercury concentrations in air. The model predicts that tissue body burden will asymptotically approach the EPA air quality level for long exposure times, and reach workplace standard levels for exposures of a few hours. The model was used along with data on mercury levels from experimental work done by the Maine Department of Environmental Protection to evaluate the risks from a broken compact fluorescent lamp in a residential setting. Mercury levels approached the NOAEL only when the debris was left in an almost sealed room. Normal common‐sense cleaning measures: removal of debris to an outside area, and ventilation of the room for several minutes, reduced exposures to less than 1% of the NOAEL.     

无国籍女人:在传统与现代之间徘徊的族群

广西那坡县百省乡的壮、瑶、苗、彝等民族都有人娶越南女人为妻。这些越南女人既没有加入中国国籍,事实上又自动丧失了越南国籍,成为无国籍女人。无国籍女人在传统民间是被认同的,但是在现代国家管理体制下她们是违法者。首先,她们是非法入境者,要面临被驱逐出境的危险。其次,只要她们生育,即违反中国的非婚生育规定,必须交纳社会抚养费,这使她们被迫陷入更加困窘的境地,成为被边缘化的新族群。     

人才集群与产业集群的互动发展

产业集群已经成为国内外重要的经济现象,其优势已经在经济实践中充分体现出来.与此同时,伴随着产业集群的还有人才集群.人才是知识经济的根本,人才集群与产业集群的形成机制相似,并与产业集群互动发展、互相促进.文章首次界定了人才集群的概念,研究人才集群与产业集群的互动关系以及国内外发达地区促使人才集聚的经验借鉴,提出应重视引进人才和促使其集聚的结论和营造良好的人才生境、完善人才激励制度、加强在岗培训等促进人才集群和产业集群发展的几点建议.     

用语用推理模式论析预设、衍推、含意与断言

预设、衍推、含意与断言这些概念都涉及一定条件下的语用推理,但预设、衍推和断言又不同于含意,且互不相同。含意的获取必须依靠话语的语境信息以及交际双方的共有知识,也就是说,含意的推理不能仅仅依靠一个独立的语句。     

新道德的写实——论张资平性爱小说的自然主义写实

张资平的性爱小说运用自然主义手法对性爱进行了自然真实的描写。他要表现的是异性之间灵肉一致的性爱才是真正的性爱道德，提倡的应是灵肉一致的新的性道德观。这种新的性道德观对后来的市民小说作家产生了很大的影响。