Supply Chain Models with Mutual Commitments and Implications for Social Responsibility

In today's increasingly globalized environment, more and more companies recognize the mutual dependence of supply chain partners in value creation. When making business decisions, they take into consideration their partners’ bottom line profitability, especially in emerging markets. The question is, is this kind of practice sustainable? This study makes an attempt to formalize this issue by examining a stylized two‐party supply chain model in which each player maximizes its own profit while making a certain commitment to its partner. We compare five different games between the two supply‐chain partners, which reflect different power positions of the players and different levels of commitment. We identify conditions under which both players are better off with mutual commitments than without, a situation we call win–win. We show that win–win can be achieved if and only if the mutual commitments are comparable. Thus, the recognition of mutual dependence of the supply chain members needs to be translated into reciprocal concerns. In addition, different players’ commitments play different roles but together they have a similar effect as a profit sharing contract. Finally, we discuss the implications of our findings in the context of socially responsible operations. In particular, our analyses show that it is possible to care about the supply chain partners’ bottom line without sacrificing one's own profitability, and our models can be used as a tool to determine the commitment levels by evaluating the predicted outcome.     

论《野草》名实空间的文化意义

在《野草》中,＂名＂如＂鬼打墙＂一般弥散成＂无物之阵＂。＂无主名杀人团＂和＂有主名假象＂导致了＂实＂的本质被遮蔽和当下行动的缺席。通过＂无名＂身份与＂共名＂效应的比照、＂有名＂身份与＂正名＂困境的反讽等叙事方式的建构,＂实＂的本质被还原。鲁迅秉持弃＂名＂崇＂实＂的现世情怀,以＂执着现在＂为内核,强调当下之行,其文学史意义是不容忽略的。     

Inferring gene regulatory networks by an order independent algorithm using incomplete data sets

Analyzing incomplete data for inferring the structure of gene regulatory networks (GRNs) is a challenging task in bioinformatic. Bayesian network can be successfully used in this field. k-nearest neighbor, singular value decomposition (SVD)-based and multiple imputation by chained equations are three fundamental imputation methods to deal with missing values. Path consistency (PC) algorithm based on conditional mutual information (PCA–CMI) is a famous algorithm for inferring GRNs. This algorithm needs the data set to be complete. However, the problem is that PCA–CMI is not a stable algorithm and when applied on permuted gene orders, different networks are obtained. We propose an order independent algorithm, PCA–CMI–OI, for inferring GRNs. After imputation of missing data, the performances of PCA–CMI and PCA–CMI–OI are compared. Results show that networks constructed from data imputed by the SVD-based method and PCA–CMI–OI algorithm outperform other imputation methods and PCA–CMI. An undirected or partially directed network is resulted by PC-based algorithms. Mutual information test (MIT) score, which can deal with discrete data, is one of the famous methods for directing the edges of resulted networks. We also propose a new score, ConMIT, which is appropriate for analyzing continuous data. Results shows that the precision of directing the edges of skeleton is improved by applying the ConMIT score.     

脂批“深得《金瓶》壶奥”条辨析

脂批中“深得《金瓶》壹奥”条，甲戌本作“写个个皆知”和庚辰本作“写个个皆到”的差异，是脂砚斋和畸笏叟在不同的认知和思考下形成的：“写个个皆知”是脂砚斋对曹雪芹删去的“秦可卿淫丧天香楼”一节的响应；而“写个个皆到”则是畸笏叟主导《红楼梦》批点之后，按照自己的理解和喜好，对原有脂批作出的调整和修改。脂批所认为的“《金瓶》壹奥”是指“全无安逸之笔”而言，是对世情小说的叙事手法细腻性特点的体察。     

对共同基金定理的重新认识——不完整市场研究

本文就不完整市场提出了对连续时间共同基金定理的重新认识。这一新认识的提出同样摆脱了以往研究中对投资者消费和最终财富效用函数的假设。同样的，这些效用函数也都是可时间累加的、非减的函数。这项理论延伸也是基于离散过程和线性代数的简单属性。本文的研究结果适用于不完整市场。另外，以往只适用于包含单一风险资产的完整市场的最优投资策略自动延伸至包含多个风险资产的不完整市场。文中举出了一个实例。     

《赴试学院放歌》、《孽海花》之互释

曾朴主要以小说闻名,其《孽海花》是清末＂四大谴责小说＂之一;同时他又是一位诗人,年未二十,即成诗集《未理集》。本文将其诗歌《赴试学院放歌》与小说《孽海花》进行＂互文＂研究,试图寻绎两者之间的联系,分析他的思想及其发展。     

丹尼尔·笛福的保险互助思想述评

文章旨在介绍丹尼尔·笛福以保险互助为代表的社会福利思想。为预防贫困,化解生活风险,笛福建议在海员、妇女等特殊群体以及普通劳动者中推行互助会和年金局计划。他对互助会和年金局的概念、原理、运作机制及功能等进行了详尽说明。文章认为笛福的保险互助思想具有问题预见性、理念先进性与计划可行性三大特点,但也存在保险性质不明、缺乏稳定性、理想化色彩浓厚等缺点。结合工业革命前夕的社会特点,文章认为这种以追求人类福祉为己任的保险互助思想值得肯定。     

Social Psychology and the Sociology of Knowledge

Resumen

Se parte de la revisión de los tres modelos que se han formulado desde las ciencias sociales para intentar explicar la difusión de la infección de la infección por el VIH: el modelo epidemiológico-conductal, el modelo antropológico-cultural y el modelo político-económico. Se sintetizan los resultados obtenidos en tres estudios realizados en la Argentina en relación con el tema: los códigos actuales en la sexualidad de los jóvenes, el SIDA en los medios y las organizaciones no gubernamentales que actúan en el campo del SIDA. La revisión de los resultados muestra que en la Argentina, a pesar de que algunos grupos han captado la necesidad de la incorporación del modelo político-social en el trabajo preventivo en relación con el SIDA, existen grupos que persisten en el modelo epidemiológico-conductal, que no favorece la reflexión crítica sobre el sistema social, por lo que no se da pie a acciones transformadoras que permitan el “empoderamiento” de los sectores más afectados por la epidemia.     

Developing the Ideal Grandparent Scale: Initial Validity and Reliability Tests

Extant grandparent-grandchild research identifies numerous attributes of “ideal” grandparents. To date, however, intergenerational communication researchers have not been able to adequately operationalize grandchildren’s perceptions of their grandparents as ideal. As such, the purpose of this study was to develop the Ideal Grandparent Scale (IGS) by (a) assessing its concurrent and construct validity and (b) examining its reliability. First, the IGS items were derived deductively. Second, American grandchildren (N—171) completed the IGS along with several established instruments. The results of partial Pearson correlational analyses provided support for the hypotheses, which established initial evidence of the IGS’s concurrent and construct validity. Similarly, a split-half reliability test followed by a Feldt test and a Fisher z test provided strong support for the IGS’s reliability.     

情感分层的初步探讨

作为一种重要资源,情感在不同社会阶层中的分布是不平等的,呈现出情感分层的状态。研究以效价作为分层依据,考察社会分层指标是否灵敏地反映情感分层,分析情感分层与其他社会分层间是否关联,解释情感分层的影响因素,讨论情感分层的跨领域性。研究发现：情感分层在人口中的分布与现有社会分层指标的分布具有一定的对应关系,它与主观社会分层、主观社会经济地位虽有关联,但并非对应关系。情感分层具有跨领域性,与压力源、社会支持密切相关。研究揭示了情感分层概念有其自身的价值和特点。