Application of FISK,an Invasiveness Screening Tool for Non‐Native Freshwater Fishes,in the Murray‐Darling Basin (Southeastern Australia)

The Fish Invasiveness Scoring Kit (FISK) is currently one of the most popular pre‐screening tools for freshwater fishes. A recent upgrade has ensured its wider climatic relevance to countries with subtropical regions. This enhancement is of particular importance to Australia, which encompasses tropical, arid, and temperate zones, and where the introduction of non‐native fish species poses a significant risk to biodiversity. In this study, 55 fish species previously evaluated in a U.K.‐based calibration of FISK are reassessed for their potential invasiveness in the Murray‐Darling Basin (MDB; southeastern Australia), the continent's largest catchment encompassing arid and temperate climates. Approximately half of the species were classed as “medium risk” and the other half as “high risk,” and the ≥19 threshold previously identified from the calibration study was confirmed. The three highest scoring species (common carp Cyprinus carpio carpio, goldfish Carassius auratus, and eastern mosquitofish Gambusia holbrooki) were those already present and invasive in the area, whereas nearly half of the tropical and subtropical species had lower scores compared to U.K. assessments, possibly because of climate change predictions of drier conditions across the MDB. There were some discordances between FISK and two Australian‐based assessment protocols, one of which is qualitative and the other represents a simplified version of FISK. Notably, the Australian origins of FISK should provide for an additional reason for further applications of the tool in other RA areas (i.e., drainage basins) of the continent, ultimately encouraging adoption as the country's reference screening tool for management and conservation purposes.     

黎族纹身图式的象征意义

本文从龙（蛇）纹、雷神纹、青蛙纹等多种纹身图式分析其象征意义。     

Effectiveness of FISK,an Invasiveness Screening Tool for Non‐Native Freshwater Fishes,to Perform Risk Identification Assessments in the Iberian Peninsula

Risk assessments are crucial for identifying and mitigating impacts from biological invasions. The Fish Invasiveness Scoring Kit (FISK) is a risk identification (screening) tool for freshwater fishes consisting of two subject areas: biogeography/history and biology/ecology. According to the outcomes, species can be classified under particular risk categories. The aim of this study was to apply FISK to the Iberian Peninsula, a Mediterranean climate region highly important for freshwater fish conservation due to a high level of endemism. In total, 89 fish species were assessed by three independent assessors. Results from receiver operating characteristic analysis showed that FISK can discriminate reliably between noninvasive and invasive fishes for Iberia, with a threshold of 20.25, similar to those obtained in several regions around the world. Based on mean scores, no species was categorized as “low risk,” 50 species as “medium risk,” 17 as “moderately high risk,” 11 as “high risk,” and 11 as “very high risk.” The highest scoring species was goldfish Carassius auratus. Mean certainty in response was above the category “mostly certain,” ranging from tinfoil barb Barbonymus schwanenfeldii with the lowest certainty to eastern mosquitofish Gambusia holbrooki with the highest level. Pair‐wise comparison showed significant differences between one assessor and the other two on mean certainty, with these two assessors showing a high coincidence rate for the species categorization. Overall, the results suggest that FISK is a useful and viable tool for assessing risks posed by non‐native fish in the Iberian Peninsula and contributes to a “watch list” in this region.     

神道教与日本民族性

日本民族是个奇特的民族,他们一方面兼容并包,善于学习,另一方面又固守传统、冥顽不灵;既有谦恭有理的一面又有倨傲蛮横的时候;同时还有举世闻名的团队精神和敬业精神.这些复杂的甚至是相互矛盾的民族性是怎样形成的,又是怎样统一起来的呢?神道教是日本的传统民族宗教,是日本的"本土文化".在古代的几乎全封闭的日本,神道教的产生和自我发展几乎没有受到外界的影响,因此完全能够反映当时的日本人的世界现、价值观和社会思想.并且在漫长的发展演变过程中对日本民族性的形成产生了重要影响.就神道教对日本民族性的形成究竟起了什么作用而进行探讨,提出了"神道教是日本民族性的核心"的观点.     

Journeying Toward the Nation(al): Cultural Difference at the Crossroads of Old and New Globalisations

The superimposition of new migratory flows linked to post‐Cold War global realignments upon older migratory flows marked by the global alignments of colonialism have profoundly marked contemporary Britain. Alongside policies and practices of security aimed especially at Muslims, struggles over the meaning of the plurality of cultural forms signalled by ‘multiculturalism’ have assumed a central place in government, media and popular discourse as the provenance and scope of Britishness and citizenship are debated in attempts to foster social cohesion. Against this context, and with specific reference to the British Caribbean population, this article explores the shifting subject positions and subjectivities that are constituted in the crucible of cultural difference and multiple forms of border crossing, and the anxieties these produce as they expose the instabilities inherent in the constitution of nation and national belonging.     

关于"民族"定义

文章对建国以来我国学术界对于“民族”的定义、国内有关“民族”译名的讨论、当前西方社会科学研究中的“民族”定义、及我国50年代的民族识别四个方面,对“民族”定义作了科学系统地阐述。     

What's Playing in the Organizational Theater? Collusive Relationships in Management

This article takes as its point of departureconcepts derived from couple therapy to betterunderstand collusive relationships in organizations. Aswe examine these dysfunctional workplace relationships— these interpersonal gridlocks —four main types of collusive superior subordinateinteraction patterns are identified — thenarcissistic, the controlling, the paranoid, and thesadomasochistic — and the consequences of each such dyad in organizationsare explored. In conclusion, the paper presents a numberof recommendations on how to recognize the presence ofsuch collusive arrangements (taking leadership behavior as a point of departure) and suggestspreventive steps that can be taken.     

论西汉对匈奴政策的演变

西汉对匈奴政策的演变大致经历了四个阶段。汉武帝元光二年(公元前133年)以前,基本上实行与匈奴"和亲"的政策;此后十多年间,试图通过军事打击以制服匈奴;漠北之战以后,又代之以政治招抚为主、军事威慑为辅的策略;汉武帝以后,汉王朝对匈奴实行了较为宽松的"羁縻"政策,汉匈双方虽有君臣名分,实为兄弟之国。西汉对匈奴政策的演变,是与其内外形势的变化和汉匈双方的力量消长密切相关的。     

满族祭杆仪式的跨文化阐释

满族祭杆与祭乌鸦仪式是东北原始圣婚仪式的变体。虽然它是以"祭天"的形式出现的,但却仍然保留着圣婚仪式的原型:以杆和乌鸦象征圣婚仪式的男女二神及其交媾;以神猪的多产象征原母神、生殖神;以请男女二神吃"圣餐"的手法使二神获得非凡的生殖力;以让人们吃"圣餐"的方法使人们获得强大的繁殖力与生命力。     

作为民族实体凝聚的中华民族

文章认为中国各民族已形成多元一体的关系。这关系使各民族凝聚为中华民族 ,使各民族作为中华民族而凝聚。肯定中华民族是一个民族实体 ,是否符合民族定义 ?是否会否定汉、藏、彝、回等各民族作为民族的存在呢 ?本文从理论与实际结合中做出回答 ,并对中华民族的凝聚做出新的论证