论强纲领中的因果性模型问题

布鲁尔强纲领中所反对的目的论模型来源于巴恩斯提出的目的论模式，他们都拒绝将科学的发展看作真理进化过程，认为作为一种信念的科学知识应当纳入知识社会学的研究领域。布鲁尔进一步提出了与目的论模型相对立的因果性模型，并构建出科学知识社会学应当遵守的四条“强纲领”，力图促使知识社会学成为一门普遍性的学科。布鲁尔声称强纲领的因果性模型与目的论模型是两种相互排斥的形而上学立场，但实际上因果性模型与目的论模型并不完全排斥，甚至还有所交融；同时，他关于因果性模型的论证与辩护也存在诸多问题，是一种不彻底的“强纲领”。     

Issues in the development of a computer-based safety programme for children with severe learning difficulties

In the last decade, professional interest in and awareness of the sexual abuse of children has increased dramatically and has led to the development of safety programmes which aim to teach children a range of personal safety skills (Tutty, 1992). These efforts have previously concentrated on children in mainstream schools, but there is growing recognition of the need for parallel concern for children in vulnerable groups such as those with learning difficulties. The present paper outlines the development of a personal safety prevention programme for children with severe learning difficulties. The programme has incorporated work by Tutty (1992, 1994) and others who argue for a more developmental view in designing such programmes. Concepts such as the child's understanding about authority figures and moral development have been integrated into the programme, which utilizes multi-media technology. As this is a computer-based programme, the reason for such a medium rather than previously implemented presentation (e.g. books, film) are discussed. Views of the participants evaluating the implementation of the teaching package are also described. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

高等学校组建体育俱乐部的可行性分析与实施办法

为了顺应时代,适应全民健身的要求,转交人们对传统体充教学的思想观念,应在高等学校逐步组建体育俱乐部,以给高等学校体育工作注入新的活力,使体育活动更加丰富多彩,从而对高等学校群体活动起到积极的推动作用。     

远程开放教育高校学分转换探析

学分转换能够给学生带来方便,提高学习的灵活性,满足远程学习者各种各样的个性化需求,促进远程教育机构之间相互交流,促进教学资源的共享,提高优质教学资源的利用率。本文将列举国内和国外学分转换的典型案例,包括美国凤凰城大学的学分转换机制,欧洲学分转换系统,中央广播电视大学在广播电视大学系统内、普通高校依托奥鹏学习支持服务平台以及普通高校通过自建的远程教育平台开展的学分转换实践和试点项目。在分析上述案例的基础上,本文将讨论上述学分转换机制的特点,探讨我国进一步发展远程开放教育学分转换的途径。     

Density Estimation by Total Variation Penalized Likelihood Driven by the Sparsity ℓ1 Information Criterion

Abstract. We propose a non‐linear density estimator, which is locally adaptive, like wavelet estimators, and positive everywhere, without a log‐ or root‐transform. This estimator is based on maximizing a non‐parametric log‐likelihood function regularized by a total variation penalty. The smoothness is driven by a single penalty parameter, and to avoid cross‐validation, we derive an information criterion based on the idea of universal penalty. The penalized log‐likelihood maximization is reformulated as an ?₁‐penalized strictly convex programme whose unique solution is the density estimate. A Newton‐type method cannot be applied to calculate the estimate because the ?₁‐penalty is non‐differentiable. Instead, we use a dual block coordinate relaxation method that exploits the problem structure. By comparing with kernel, spline and taut string estimators on a Monte Carlo simulation, and by investigating the sensitivity to ties on two real data sets, we observe that the new estimator achieves good L ₁ and L ₂ risk for densities with sharp features, and behaves well with ties.     

Independent evaluation of the Triple P Positive Parenting Program in family support service settings

The Triple P Positive Parenting Program is a multilevel system of behaviour‐based parenting training and support. The aim of this study was to determine whether implementation of levels 2 and 3 of the Triple P system, designed for primary care settings, enhances parent, child and family outcomes compared with services‐as‐usual in Alberta, Canada. The study employed a quasi‐experimental, single‐blind and post‐test‐only design. A survey incorporating outcome measures was administered to a sample of 1296 parent‐clients. A total of 923 parents responded, including 172 parents who had received a Triple P (level 2 and/or 3) intervention during the previous 12 weeks. A significant interaction was found between participation in a group‐based parent education programme and receipt of Triple P. Parents who participated in a group‐based parent education programme, and who received a Triple P intervention reported somewhat higher levels of need satisfaction than parents who participated in a group‐based parent education programme but who did not receive a Triple P intervention. No significant difference was found between Triple P and service‐as‐usual groups on any secondary outcome measures including parenting stress, positive interaction, family functioning and child problem behaviours.     

推进我国“全民阅读”的几点思考

全民阅读率和阅读水平在一定程度上决定一个民族的创造能力和发展潜力,是衡量一个国家社会文明程度的重要标志。因此,应根据阅读本身规律、国内外全民阅读经验和国家战略需要,采取适当的策略,推进我国全民阅读活动,构建全民阅读体系。     

Entry into Consensual Unions and Marriages Among Finnish Women Born Between 1938 and 1967

This study, based on a survey undertaken in 1989, clearly illustrates the dramatic changes in family formation behaviour that have occurred in Finland. Whereas only about one-tenth of the first unions of women born between 1938 and 1942 began as consensual unions, after the cohort of 1962 only one-tenth were formal marriages. These changes lagged some ten years behind the corresponding ones in Sweden, but were about five years ahead of Norway. In Finland, up to the present, most consensual unions have constituted a temporary state which precedes proper family life. Most couples married in connection with the birth of the first child. Consensual union as a permanent lifestyle is generally connected with a low level of education of women.     

高校"终身体育"意识及习惯培养

从学校体育现状出发,对高校体育所面临的问题提出了终生体育教育应加强信念的培养和理论充实,使学生养成终生健身的牢固意识、树立保健养生和积极运动的良好志趣,保证学生将来的工作生活顺利,以适应现代化建设的需要。     

湘粤两省建设全民健身场地设施影响因素的对比研究

通过对湘粤两省全民健身场地设施现状的比较研究,认为根据湖南体育的现状,可以借鉴广东省的先进经验,在建立健全政策法规、保障资金投入、加强场地设施的开发与管理等方面加大工作力度,有利于促进湖南全民健身事业的进一步发展。