中国自然资本投资制度的法律选择

可持续发展从理论到行动是政治宣言,更是实实在在的资本投放或使用活动。环境资源保护从政府强制发展到公众参与为环境资源保护的民主性决策和群众性参与奠定了基础,然而环境资源保护只有成为自然资本投资才能成为可持续发展的基本内容。这就需要法律安排出企业产权自由选择的空间,中国现行制度中企业自由选择的空间较小,因此现行法律制度的创新任重道远。     

Bayesian inference and prediction analysis of the power law process based on a natural conjugate prior

Under a natural conjugate prior with four hyperparameters, the importance sampling (IS) technique is applied to the Bayesian analysis of the power law process (PLP). Samples of the parameters of the PLP are obtained from IS. Based on these samples, not only the posterior analysis of parameters and some parameter functions in the PLP are performed conveniently, but also single-sample and two-sample prediction procedures are constructed easily. Furthermore, the sensitivity of the posterior mean of the parameter functions in the PLP is studied with respect to the hyperparameters of the natural conjugate prior and it can guide the selections of the hyperparameters directly. Coupled this sensitivity with the relations between the prior moments and the hyperparameters in the natural conjugate prior, it is possible to give directions about the selections of the prior moments to a certain degree. After some numerical experiments illustrate the rationality and feasibility of the proposed methods, an engineering example demonstrates its application.     

A Bayesian hierarchical model for photometric red shifts

Summary.  The Sloan digital sky survey is an extremely large astronomical survey that is conducted with the intention of mapping more than a quarter of the sky. Among the data that it is generating are spectroscopic and photometric measurements, both containing information about the red shift of galaxies. The former are precise and easy to interpret but expensive to gather; the latter are far cheaper but correspondingly more difficult to interpret. Recently, Csabai and co-workers have described various calibration techniques aiming to predict red shift from photometric measurements. We investigate what a structured Bayesian approach to the problem can add. In particular, we are interested in providing uncertainty bounds that are associated with the underlying red shifts and the classifications of the galaxies. We find that quite a generic statistical modelling approach, using for the most part standard model ingredients, can compete with much more specific custom-made and highly tuned techniques that are already available in the astronomical literature.     

创新与竞争：专利制度的前景属性

依据前景理论,专利制度具有前景属性,通过赋予发明创造人专有权以实现对创新资源的管理、协调和发展,提高资源的利用率,并在与后来发明创造人协调的过程中促进新技术的产生。传统的激励理论突出了专利制度的垄断属性,而前景理论从实质层面说明了专利制度的基本性质,突出了专利制度的竞争属性。依据专利制度的前景属性,专利制度鼓励创新和竞争,不能解决但能引导租值消散的方向。因此,专利制度在专利标准的认定、专利权保护的范围和期限以及专利权种类和内容的法定上应更为审慎、明确和细致,在与国际接轨时也应依据本国实际情况予以调整。以前景理论构建专利制度,更有利于发明创造适应市场经济的运作规律,进一步推动社会创新和市场竞争。     

试论霍布斯法哲学思想之思维方式

自古典以来对人的动物性与理性的双重理解,导致自然法概念的双重内涵,这是至少自西塞罗始就是欧洲国家学说与法哲学中固定的组成部分;而人原本就有自然本性的欲望推动以及自然理性的认知能力,这也是古典哲学以及罗马法就已经阐释与分析的人的自然本性概念的双重内涵的人本源泉;霍布斯的自然法概念上袭古典亦有双重的内涵域,一方面,在被人的自私欲望所统治的自然状态中依然有“法”的存在,因而要克服人的自私欲望的推动;另一方面,尽管自然状态中存在着法,然而也依然存在着由理性所掌控的自然法则,而这样的自然法则应当成为立法的对象,由此,霍布斯认为,国家应当具有的任务就是实现自然法。本文重点探讨这一思想之思维方式。     

蛋鸡的强制换羽

从研究鸡只的换羽规律出发 ,阐述了强制换羽的原因和要求 ,提出了强制换羽的方法和方案 ,并对强制换羽时需要注意的问题进行了探讨     

自然科学方法论对教育研究的影响

教育研究的自然科学化导致了教育研究的僵化和简单化,但这并不意味着自然科学研究与教育研究是互不沟通的,而只是表明自然科学从凌驾于教育学之上变为与教育学平等对话的地位。各种自然科学以及人文科学的研究方法论都对教育研究具有不可避免的影响。自然科学方法论对教育研究的影响是规范、精神信念方面的影响,是一个动态、历史的过程,是有条件的。教育研究要坚持自身的立场,要正确认识教育理论的开放性、追求教育研究的科学性。     

红楼诗社——曹雪芹理想的社会模式

"红楼"诗社平等的态度、民主的原则、公正的价值尺度和和谐融洽的气氛,体现了<红楼梦>作者曹雪芹心目中理想的社会模式.它既是我国古代文人结社中朴素民主思想的体现和发展,也与明末清初的民主思潮相关.     

张耒文学主张探微

张耒之“理”的内涵比较宽泛,在不同地方含义有别。基于“理”、“诚”的基本观点,张耒主张诗文要表达真实的思想感情,不造作,不虚假,不为文造情,推崇自然畅达的文风。     

A regional restoration grants program to promote preservation and enhancement of urban natural areas

The Greenspaces Habitat Restoration Program, a partnership between Metro and US Fish and Wildlife Service in Portland, Oregon was created in 1992, as a component of The Metro Greenspaces and Open Spaces Program—A Regional System of Natural Areas, Open Space, Trails and Greenspaces for Wildlife and People. The goal of the restoration grants program is to fund restoration and enhancement of urban natural areas, with emphasis on opportunities for re-establishment of corridors and consolidation of fragments.Since 1992, more than 91 small citizen or local park agency restoration projects have been funded. Projects have ranged from small replantings to large scale stream restoration or meadow enhancements.An additional objective of the program and this paper is to document true costs, resources and volunteers required to conduct a community based urban restoration project. While the enhancements of each project alone will probably not significantly increase species numbers and diversity in the urban area, each project's value may be the introduction of people to the concepts of biodiversity, landscape ecology and each participant's role as a steward.The Sandee Palisades and Mill Creek restoration projects describe goals, successes, lessons learned and costs of citizen-based restoration projects.