中国农村基层政权控制力制约机制问题探究

在中国农村,由于几千年的封建历史,传统影响根深蒂固,基层政权在治理模式上仍然带有强烈的人治色彩,法律的作用微乎其微,基层政府对农村的实际控制力削弱。而要改变目前的现状,唯一的出路就是将乡土情结融入农村基层政权建设法治化轨道。     

Value of Sharing Production Yield Information in a Serial Supply Chain

New developments in corporate information technology such as enterprise resource planning systems have significantly increased the flow of information among members of supply chains. However, the benefits of sharing information can vary depending on the supply chain structure and its operational characteristics. Most of the existing research has studied the impact of sharing downstream information (e.g., a manufacturer sharing information with its suppliers). We evaluate the benefits of sharing upstream yield information (e.g., a supplier sharing information with the manufacturer) in a two‐stage serial supply chain in which the supplier has multiple internal processes and is faced with uncertain output due to yield losses. We are interested in determining when the sharing of the supplier's information is most beneficial to the manufacturer. After proposing an order‐up‐to type heuristic policy, we perform a detailed computational study and observe that this information is most beneficial when the supplier's yield variance is high and when end‐customer demand variance is low. We also find that the manufacturer's backorder‐to‐holding cost ratio has little, if any, impact on the usefulness of information.     

A new double sampling control chart for monitoring process mean using auxiliary information

Statistical quality control charts have been widely accepted as a potentially powerful process monitoring tool because of their excellent speed in tracking shifts in the underlying process parameter(s). In recent studies, auxiliary-information-based (AIB) control charts have shown superior run length performances than those constructed without using it. In this paper, a new double sampling (DS) control chart is constructed whose plotting-statistics requires information on the study variable and on any correlated auxiliary variable for efficiently monitoring the process mean, namely AIB DS chart. The AIB DS chart also encompasses the classical DS chart. We discuss in detail the construction, optimal design, run length profiles, and the performance evaluations of the proposed chart. It turns out that the AIB DS chart performs uniformly better than the DS chart when detecting different kinds of shifts in the process mean. It is also more sensitive than the classical synthetic and AIB synthetic charts when detecting a particular shift in the process mean. Moreover, with some realistic beliefs, the proposed chart outperforms the exponentially weighted moving average chart. An illustrative example is also presented to explain the working and implementation of the proposed chart.     

A weighted likelihood ratio test-based chart for monitoring process mean and variability

In this paper, a new single exponentially weighted moving average (EWMA) control chart based on the weighted likelihood ratio test, referred to as the WLRT chart, is proposed for the problem of monitoring the mean and variance of a normally distributed process variable. It is easy to design, fast to compute, and quite effective for diverse cases including the detection of the decrease in variability and individual observation case. The optimal parameters that can be used as a design aid in selecting specific parameter values based on the average run length (ARL) and the sample size are provided. The in-control (IC) and out-of-control (OC) performance properties of the new chart are compared with some other existing EWMA-type charts. Our simulation results show that the IC run length distribution of the proposed chart is similar to that of a geometric distribution, and it provides quite a robust and satisfactory overall performance for detecting a wide range of shifts in the process mean and/or variability.     

Making better regulation,making regulation better?

Better Regulation is a re-regulatory strategy that has unfolded in Britain (and, of course, beyond, through Europe and the OECD) across the past decade. This article beings by setting out some quantitative indicators of trends in national and local enforcement in three key areas of protective regulation – food hygiene and food safety, workers’ health and safety, and pollution control – from 2003/2004 to 2012/2013. It then goes on, in its main sections, to detail some of the ways Better Regulation under conditions of austerity has worked through at the level of local enforcement via a case study of four Merseyside Local Authorities; in so doing, it draws principally upon qualitative insights from a series of interviews, as well as data gleaned from a further series of Freedom of Information requests. In so doing, it considers how, on the ground, Better Regulation is made. It concludes that Better Regulation appears less about ‘better’ regulation, more about business-friendly regulation with diminishing law enforcement. There is good reason to suggest that regulatory functions will likely be increasingly re-cast as part of growth initiatives.     

The economic impact of prolonged political instability: a case study of Fiji

It has been long believed that prolonged political instability harms economic growth and development. This paper contributes to this growing empirical literature by studying the case in Fiji, which has faced a long period of political instability caused by a series of coups, military administrations and frequent changes in government since 1987. The impact of political instability on growth is hard to identify empirically because the counterfactual is unobserved and it is difficult to find valid comparisons. To solve this problem, we use the recently developed Synthetic Control Method to construct a counterfactual (or synthetic Fiji) that predicts the growth of a politically stable Fiji. The difference in per capita growth trajectories of the synthetic and the actual Fiji can thus be attributed as the impacts of political instability. Our findings show that the political instability caused by a series of coups since 1987 has indeed led Fiji onto a lower growth path, and that the accumulated effect is getting larger.     

民国时期广州银行业风险控制的三道防线

地处中国南部边陲的广州远离皇权中心而毗邻港澳、连接南洋等地,其金融历来自成一派。清末民国时期,这里聚集了众多的银行机构,诞生了中国历史上第一家国家中央银行。而在中国历史上发生过的两次银行停业倒闭高潮中的第二次却是以广东银行的停业为标志的。目前,我国对民营银行的受理已全面开闸,民间资本进入银行业的渠道和机构类型已全部开放。开办银行或成为银行股东于国人而言已是美梦成真了。而处在国民经济核心地位的银行,其经营的成败将会对一国乃至一个地区的经济稳定产生重大影响,开办银行既需要资本更需要智慧。本文通过大量鲜活的一手史料,再现了清末民国时期新型商业银行在广州设立时的艰辛、开业时的盛况、倒闭时的悲哀,进一步理清了广州银行业在排除道德风险、减少操作风险和消除信用风险中所形成的三道防线的脉络,为金融管理当局以及有志进军金融业的民营企业家提供可资借鉴的历史经验。     

The Status of Nutrition Education in ACHA College and University Health Centers

Abstract

An assessment of the prevalence and scope of nutrition services offered through 208 randomly selected American College Health Association member student health centers revealed that 79% of the 160 respondents provided some type of nutrition education for students. One-to-one counseling, available at 96% of the institutions, was the most common approach. The larger the school's enrollment, the more likely it was to provide programs in nutrition. All of the institutions with student populations of more than 35,000 offered some type of nutrition service, as did 52% of the 19 schools with enrollments between 2,000 and 5,000. Health educators, nurses, doctors, dietitians, and trained peer educators provided the services, with registered dietitians the most common providers and often coordinators of the programs. Costs to students for nutrition interventions were nominal; weightmanagement programs were the most expensive and showed the greatest variation in content.     

An Analysis of Verbal Stimulus Control in Intraverbal Behavior: Implications for Practice and Applied Research

A common characteristic of the language deficits experienced by children with autism (and other developmental disorders) is their failure to acquire a complex intraverbal repertoire. The difficulties with learning intraverbal behaviors may, in part, be related to the fact that the stimulus control for such behaviors usually involves highly complex verbal stimuli. The antecedent verbal control of intraverbal behavior may involve discriminative stimuli (i.e., discriminated operants), conditional stimulus control, and/or control by compound stimuli. Distinctions among these different types of antecedent control are presented, along with recommendations for intervention procedures that may facilitate the acquisition of intraverbal behavior.     

中国大城市出租车服务业改革的目标与策略

出租车行业的许可管制应实行车辆管制模式,即向个人和公司公开拍卖出租车营运证,引入竞争性多元化经营模式。合理设计营运证市场的机制和规则,形成营运证一级市场和二级市场,分别进行拍卖和自由转让。政府则通过控制营运证数量来调节供求和价格。在此基础上,加强行业的培育,发挥行业组织在出租车运营和管理中的作用,政府逐步退出对出租车行业的直接干预。