试析多边贸易体制谈判中的博弈战略问题

谈判能力问题一直被掩盖在经济实力的强弱之下而被忽视,这对于发展中国家成员政府充分利用国际舞台,利用WTO规则所倡导的协商和谈判机制是极为不利的.目前,一个在新的背景下新的利益分割的谈判机制在全球范围内开始出现,我国必须抓住时机,改革"不谋于众"的谈判体制,增强政府谈判能力,为国内企业奠定迎接挑战、公平竞争的良好基础.本文通过对经济学上常用的动态分析主体之间关系的博弈理论和与谈判有关的双层博弈理论的分析,为政府如何增强谈判能力提供一些思考.     

Technology at the planning table: Activity theory,negotiation and course management systems

Abstract

This paper presents results from a qualitative inquiry into how online courses in UK and US HEIs are shaped by stakeholder negotiations around course management systems. The investigation used a multi-theory framework composed of Cervero and Wilson's (1994) negotiation of power and interests model and activity theory. Forty-six stakeholders from seven sites participated in the study. The findings identified four primary benefits that prompt stakeholders to employ specific course management systems and described two types of relationships that exist between the stakeholders and their CMS.     

Crossing the border: immigrant student identities in Swaziland schools

This paper sets out to explore how the resettlement of immigrant students in a host country and schooling context influenced the constitution, negotiation and representation of their identities. Data capture included a mix of semi-structured interviews, focus group interviews, observations and a researcher journal. Data were analyzed by means of the content analysis method. Findings were fivefold. First, the sociocultural context influenced the way immigrant students constructed their identities. Second, categorization was based on phenotypical features, accent, negative attitudes and stereotypical perceptions of immigrants by Swaziland society. Third negotiated identities were multiple in nature and rooted in their culture of origin. Fourth, self-determination was a strong trait of immigrants; reflected in their work ethic, in the resolution of culture conflicts, and in their drive to achieve linguistic competency. And fifth, psychosocial passing was consistent with second generation immigrants. New knowledge generated from this study revealed that African immigrants preferred to be clustered with Mozambican immigrants, as it provided solid ground from which they negotiated identities in Swaziland schools. Mozambican immigrants recruited other African immigrants into their cluster, which they referred to as the ‘Chico nation’. And, the culture of non-Christian immigrants was suppressed to promote Christian religious beliefs and values.     

From Navigation to Negotiation: An Examination of the Lived Experiences of Black Gay Male Alumni of Historically Black Colleges and Universities

This research presents an examination of Black gay men and their lived experiences while undergraduates at historically Black colleges and universities (HBCUs). Based on 10 in-depth interviews with self-identified Black gay men, the author presents four emergent themes, which reveal the complex ways in which Black gay men navigate and negotiate the intersections of their multiple identities as related to race, sexual orientation, and gender at HBCUs. The findings of this research have implications for larger discussions of community, Black masculinity, and gay identity in predominantly Black and non-Black contexts.     

Cosmopolitan stance negotiation in multicultural academic settings

Our analysis of an informal event involving Chinese and Spanish students and lecturers displays the cumulative nature of stance negotiation in multicultural settings. It also highlights the role of sociocultural and ideological elements in stancetaking, not only in relation to the positions adopted by the participants, but also in the successive redefinition and reframing of the stance objects. Sociocultural and ideological elements are also crucial for the collective construction of intersubjectivities, particularly among mobile citizens. The way in which our international students managed to overcome misalignments, the values and ideologies evoked within the interaction, reveal nuances of cosmopolitanism that point to a globalization of tastes triggered by multiculturalism and the worldwide expansion of capitalism. Sharing a cosmopolitan orientation, however, did not prevent ideological contradictions among the participants. An analysis of how these were voiced and negotiated allows grasping the remarkably wide spectrum of cosmopolitanism(s) today.     

Young people negotiating and maintaining boundaries in youth work relationships: findings from an ethnographic study of youth clubs

‘Professional boundaries’ set limits on appropriate behaviours in the relationship between the service users and practitioners. The professional literature often assumes boundaries are maintained by the practitioners, occupational bodies, or organisational policy. However in youth work this is under-researched. An ethnographic study of four youth clubs in the North East of England into ethical practice revealed that young people were surprisingly adept at maintaining boundaries with the youth workers. These boundaries were negotiated and maintained through the young people's use of space, their willingness to interact with the workers, the way they shared information with the workers, and their inclusion of youth workers into their social networking. Young people also showed a sophisticated awareness of the organisational boundaries youth workers were operating within, and often cooperated in maintaining them with the worker. The article concludes by arguing youth workers should take seriously young people's ability and willingness to set and work within boundaries, and see their negotiation and maintenance as a mutual endeavour. However, this may provide a challenge to organisations with rigid policy-defined boundaries.     

有利于经济长期增长的政府类型剖析

促进经济的长期增长,是政府的重要目标。为此,就需构建扶弱性政府,而这又需构建与市场谈判势力对称的社会结构,以此削弱市场谈判势力强的利益集团的非市场谈判势力,增强市场谈判势力弱的利益集团的非市场谈判势力。     

中国加入世贸组织关税谈判的政治经济分析

众多研究者视中国加入世界贸易组织为一个经济重组与改革的策略,借牺牲＂旧的＂经济达到市场化的目的,因此进入世界贸易组织的谈判实质上反映这一改革议程。这一看法与实情不尽吻合。入世关税减让的考虑其实是一个比较复杂的程序,涉及政府仔细地平衡各个社会和政治力量及因素。     

Learning to negotiate network relations: social support among working mothers living in poverty

This study promotes our understanding of the complex and dynamic role that social support networks play in the everyday life of working mothers living in poverty, by focusing on the processes of negotiation involved in the creation, maintenance and mobilization of social ties. It is based on semi-structured interviews with 12 Israeli-Jewish working mothers who participated in an economic empowerment workshop. Findings indicate that the participants received much social support from relatives, friends and community activists. However, they further reveal the hard hidden work of negotiation and the process of learning involved in obtaining support. Particularly important in this context of poverty was the need to learn how to ask for support by overcoming feelings of shame and concerns about respectability, and to reduce social burdens by, among other things, refusing to participate in the ‘gift economy’ and limiting constraining social relationships. Finally, this study shows how the seemingly divergent interpretations of negotiation in social-exchange theory and symbolic interactionism (reaching an agreement that maximizes benefits versus preserving the relationship) often converge in everyday life situations.