现代科技革命的方法论转变

哥白尼、牛顿、达尔文在科学领域的革命促成了近代的世界观、方法论从神学向科学的转变 ,动力与传播革命改变了人的活动方式。现代科学的相对论和量子力学革命是走出牛顿科学的开端 ,计算机网络造成的信息社会提出了新的问题。现代科学的方法论思想重点在于强调时间的不可逆性、未来的不确定性和系统的自组织性。     

信息技术与中外语教学

本文从七个方面探讨了信息技术对中外语教学的变革,并从四个方面对政府和高校的教学管理部门提出适应变革的建议。     

论当代科学技术条件下马克思主义哲学的价值批判功能

科学技术是一把双刃剑。它给人类社会带来积极影响的同时,也引发了一系列的社会问题,给社会带来了负面的影响。哲学,尤其是马克思主义哲学在克服科学技术带来的负面影响上发挥着重要的作用,这种作用主要体现在马克思主义哲学的价值批判功能方面。发挥马克思主义哲学对当代科学技术的价值批判功能,首先应对当代科学技术有一个正确而全面的认识;其次是坚持马克思主义哲学的基本原则;再次是在实践中不断地丰富和发展马克思主义哲学。     

论吴稚晖20世纪初期的科学教育思想

在吴稚晖当时看来,教育是一个国家盛衰的"总因",而配称教育二字者只是科学工艺,近代中国的落后挨打就在于科学工艺发展的迟滞。在批判国内旧式教育的同时,他编报印书,普及科学常识以提高国民素质,鼓吹科学工艺来倡导青年劳作。特别是他创造性发起的留法俭学运动和创办海外中国大学,为近代中国培养了一大批急需的高科技人才,在近代中国教育史、中外文化交流史上写下了光辉的一页。     

新形势下高校学生资助与培养教育探析

国家资助政策是家庭经济困难学生顺利完成学业的重要保障，是党和国家惠民政策的具体体现，是高校正常开展教育教学活动的基础，是和谐校园建设的重要组成部分：新形势下，高校在开展资助工作的过程中，不是简单的资金发放，而应该是把资助与大学生的培养教育有机结合起来，让学生在受到经济资助、分享党的温暖的同时，懂得如何才能成长为一名社会主义合格的建设者和可靠接班人。     

Bootstrap Estimation of Benchmark Doses and Confidence Limits with Clustered Quantal Data

The benchmark dose (BMD) is an exposure level that would induce a small risk increase (BMR level) above the background. The BMD approach to deriving a reference dose for risk assessment of noncancer effects is advantageous in that the estimate of BMD is not restricted to experimental doses and utilizes most available dose-response information. To quantify statistical uncertainty of a BMD estimate, we often calculate and report its lower confidence limit (i.e., BMDL), and may even consider it as a more conservative alternative to BMD itself. Computation of BMDL may involve normal confidence limits to BMD in conjunction with the delta method. Therefore, factors, such as small sample size and nonlinearity in model parameters, can affect the performance of the delta method BMDL, and alternative methods are useful. In this article, we propose a bootstrap method to estimate BMDL utilizing a scheme that consists of a resampling of residuals after model fitting and a one-step formula for parameter estimation. We illustrate the method with clustered binary data from developmental toxicity experiments. Our analysis shows that with moderately elevated dose-response data, the distribution of BMD estimator tends to be left-skewed and bootstrap BMDL s are smaller than the delta method BMDL s on average, hence quantifying risk more conservatively. Statistically, the bootstrap BMDL quantifies the uncertainty of the true BMD more honestly than the delta method BMDL as its coverage probability is closer to the nominal level than that of delta method BMDL. We find that BMD and BMDL estimates are generally insensitive to model choices provided that the models fit the data comparably well near the region of BMD. Our analysis also suggests that, in the presence of a significant and moderately strong dose-response relationship, the developmental toxicity experiments under the standard protocol support dose-response assessment at 5% BMR for BMD and 95% confidence level for BMDL.     

对延边参与西部大开发项目选择、立项及管理的思考

项目选择、立项及管理是延边参与西部大开发的关键。因此,必须提高对项目选择、立项及管理工作的认识,加强项目选择、立项的科学化程序,创造良好的项目建设软环境,从而为延边经济跨越式发展奠定基础。     

社会科技化和加强社会主义精神文明建设

科技社会化是现代社会发展的必然 ,加强科技文明建设是社会主义精神文明建设的重要内容。本文在分析了社会科技化在社会主义精神文明建设中的重要作用的基础上 ,进而具体探讨了科技文明建设的内涵     

公路建设项目施工期全程环境管理

通过分析公路施工期公路施工对自然生态、大气、声、水环境以及社会环境的影响,针对公路施工期环境管理的薄弱状态及施工期环境监理尚处于试点研究阶段的现状,提出了公路建设项目施工期全程环境管理的理念,建立施工期全程环境管理制度的思想:承包商、监理、业主及政府环保部门共同承担环保责任的“四位一体”的施工期环境管理模式,并对其内涵进行了分析。这对建立公路建设项目施工期全程环境管理制度、规范施工期的环境管理有着积极的推动作用。     

Summary of the Workshop on Issues in Risk Assessment: Quantitative Methods for Developmental Toxicology

This report summarizes the proceedings of a conference on quantitative methods for assessing the risks of developmental toxicants. The conference was planned by a subcommittee of the National Research Council's Committee on Risk Assessment Methodology ⁴ in conjunction with staff from several federal agencies, including the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, U.S. Consumer Products Safety Commission, and Health and Welfare Canada. Issues discussed at the workshop included computerized techniques for hazard identification, use of human and animal data for defining risks in a clinical setting, relationships between end points in developmental toxicity testing, reference dose calculations for developmental toxicology, analysis of quantitative dose-response data, mechanisms of developmental toxicity, physiologically based pharmacokinetic models, and structure-activity relationships. Although a formal consensus was not sought, many participants favored the evolution of quantitative techniques for developmental toxicology risk assessment, including the replacement of lowest observed adverse effect levels (LOAELs) and no observed adverse effect levels (NOAELs) with the benchmark dose methodology.