Poliovirus Surveillance by Examining Sewage Water Specimens: Studies on Detection Probability Using Simulation Models

Efficiency of environmental surveillance of poliovirus circulation was studied using simulation models. First, three transmission models were defined for describing different scenarios of poliovirus infections in a large unstructured population. Second, environmental factors, such as the total volume of the sewage network and losses of viruses, were modeled for computing the virus output at the sewage sampling site. Third, the effect of sampling and laboratory procedures was accounted for in the probability of detection, given the amount of polioviruses in a specimen. The simulation model can be used for theoretical assessments of the likely efficiency of environmental surveillance, compared with acute flaccid paralysis (AFP) surveillance. Under reasonable assumptions in a vaccinated population, the AFP surveillance can be outperformed if the poliovirus outbreak is not large. However, this depends on the assumed case-to-infection ratio and on the sampling frequency of the sewage water specimens. Increasing the latter will lead to a higher detection probability, which will further enhance the method based on environmental surveillance.     

Resonant Texts: Sounds of the American Public Library

ABSTRACT

Public libraries have long been associated with silence and order. Historians have argued that the architecture of library buildings has served in disciplining patrons into silent reading subjects. I argue that, in light of evolving, subjective definitions of and responses to noise, changing philosophies of librarianship and library design and the proliferation of media formats and the sounds they emit, we need to consider new ways of thinking about sound in the library, not as something to be eliminated or controlled, but as something to be orchestrated, and even designed for. In order to do so, I propose that we consider first what sounds people, buildings and media make, and then use architectural design to promote their cooperative interaction.     

高校校园网P2P流量检测和分类研究

随着P2P技术的发展及网络流量的急剧增加,如何对不同类型的流量进行控制成为各园区网络管理人员要加以解决的问题。文章提出一种基于主机行为的流量检测方法。该方法不对数据包载荷部分的内容进行检测,而是分析主机通信时的连接特征,并根据特征得到流量的分类。     

Estimation of signal to noise ratio using mahalanobis distance

In this paper, we propose some alternative estimatiors to that given by C. G. Khatri and C. R. Rao (1985), for estimating Signal to Noise ratio. Using Pitman Nearness, Condition for prefering one estimator over the other is estabilished. It is shown numerically that estimators corresponding to Entropy loss function are better more oftern than those corresponding to Squared Error loss.     

SAR图像边缘检测方法综述

边缘检测是SAR图像解译的基本问题之一。固有的乘性噪声特性使得经典的梯度边缘检测方法并不适用于SAR图像,因此研究针对SAR图像的边缘检测方法具有重要的意义。本文对SAR图像边缘检测问题进行了系统的研究,简单描述了SAR图像边缘检测问题,讨论了现有的SAR图像边缘检测方法,总结了SAR图像边缘检测中存在的两个问题——边缘细化和边缘定位,对检测结果的性能评估方法也进行了概括。最后在总结现有研究成果的基础上展望了SAR图像边缘检测的发展方向。     

SAW振荡器的相位噪声分析

声表面波振荡器是一种典型的反馈振荡器。根据Ｌｅｅｓｏｎ反馈振荡器相位噪声模型，分析了ＳＡＷ振荡器的相位噪声特点，特别是不同的ＳＡＷ反馈元件，分析结果表明不同的ＳＡＷ反馈元件通常有不同的相位噪声特点。还讨论了降低相位噪声电平，提高振荡器的谱密度的方法和途径     

Target detection from a classical and a Bayesian viewpoint

Two approaches have been used for designing spatial surveys to detect a target. The classical approach controls the probability of missing a target that exists; a Bayesian approach controls the probability that a target exists given that none was seen. In both cases, information about the likely size of the target can reduce sampling requirements. In this paper, previous results are summarized and then used to assess the risk that Roman remains could be present at sites scheduled for development in Greater London.     

一种状态检测防火墙的攻击防御机制

讨论了一种在Linux操作系统内核防火墙的攻击防御机制,提出了检测网络攻击的机制和总体架构。在Linux操作系统防火墙的基础上构建了攻击防御框架,针对不同的攻击模式,该框架提供相应的状态检测方法判定攻击的发生并使攻击不能成功。提出的攻击防御体系具有通用、可扩展的特点,可以有效克服传统包过滤防火墙在抗攻击和入侵检测方面的局限性。结果表明:该攻击防御机制可以显著改善防火墙系统的IP安全性。     

保险代理人管理中的信息不对称问题——一个理论分析框架

信息不对称问题对保险代理人的管理影响巨大。利用保单类别噪音模型进行的理论分析表明，在信息不对称的情况下，为获得一个良好的均衡结果，保险公司应对保险代理人保持适当的怀疑，将保单质量与代理人的报酬给付联系起来。进入门槛抑制道德风险的作用关键在于保证一个可置信的威胁，最优均衡的达到有赖于外部力量，这就要求行业协会和监管机构的作用应进一步加强。     

微波放大器增益与噪声关系的分析方法

提出了一种在微波宽带低噪声放大器设计中，放大器增益性能与噪声性能之间关系的解析表达式，对其解析解进行了详尽的讨论，大大简化了传统的设计过程，并对微波低噪声ＨＥＭＴ器件ＪＳ８９０５－ＡＳ的性能进行了分析设计，经验证，与传统方法的结果相吻合。