不确定的流动性需求与即时流动性——承诺类业务的流动性特点探析

承诺类业务对银行流动性影响的核心,是银行提供承诺后就面临着“不确定的流动性需求”;为保证满足这种不确定的流动性需求,要求银行拥有“即时流动性”;即时流动性只能由以现金资产或其他类似的备付能力才能提供;银行可能拥有的即时流动性使一些业务的开展遇到“流动性限制”。通过对备付金数量变动影响的分析和比较,可以揭示各种承诺类业务的流动性特点和共性,从而为制定相应的管理策略提供支持。     

Driven mechanisms of board commitment: A modified corporate CANE model

The study employs a sample of US S&P 100 firms to explore the driving factors affecting the level of board commitment. We modified Clark’s (1998) CANE model and developed a corporate CANE model that is applicable for board commitment. Supporting our model, we find that primary drivers of board commitment (through board personal agency) are non-financial factors including board independence, size, gender diversity, professional experience/skills, industrial and financial experiences, senior executives' compensation, and strictly board independence. These board compositions significantly enhance the level of board commitment, except the board size. On the other hand, whilst we find significant impact for the market-based factors, i.e. board commitment level tends to increase with market value (Tobin's Q), we find weak or no evidence on the effects of accounting-based factors. This suggests that the board task value is influenced by the actual perception of the market participants rather than ‘documented’ figures.     

帮助信息网络犯罪活动罪的规范属性与解释纠偏

信息技术的发展推动网络犯罪参与结构由传统犯罪层级式的金字塔结构向扁平式的链条结构转变,使得立法增设帮助信息网络犯罪活动罪以应对犯罪参与模式的改变,解决网络犯罪行为不适应传统共同犯罪理论的难题。立法者增设帮助信息网络犯罪活动罪以规制“不契合共犯理论的帮助行为”,但未就帮助信息网络犯罪活动罪的性质加以说明。理论界关于该罪性质的探讨主要着眼于共犯性的视角,但是以共犯性解释该罪的性质又会产生正犯不存在或者难以查证时归责标准阙如、意思联络趋弱而难以认定共犯、共犯与正犯危害性异化致使按照共犯理论归责违背罪刑均衡原则等适用困境。量刑规则说、共犯正犯化等以完全共犯性为着力点的学说,忽视了帮助信息网络犯罪活动罪的正犯属性,造成了适用困境并违背了对该罪的立法初衷。故此,跳出传统的对罪名性质解释单一的桎梏,承认部分帮助信息网络犯罪活动罪的正犯性,根据“契合共犯理论的帮助行为”与“不契合共犯理论的帮助行为”的不同,在“共犯性”与“正犯性”双重视角下区分认定该罪的性质,使得同一罪名在不同的适用情形下呈现动态的性质解读,以突破现有理论的适用困境。这对于契合司法实务向多元性与不可预测性发展,应对因传统刑法理论相对滞后而导致适用冲突不断的现实难题,对纠偏帮助信息网络犯罪活动罪的适用等,尤为必要。     

Temptation and Self‐Control

We study a two‐period model where ex ante inferior choice may tempt the decision‐maker in the second period. Individuals have preferences over sets of alternatives that represent second period choices. Our axioms yield a representation that identifies the individual's commitment ranking, temptation ranking, and cost of self‐control. An agent has a preference for commitment if she strictly prefers a subset of alternatives to the set itself. An agent has self‐control if she resists temptation and chooses an option with higher ex ante utility. We introduce comparative measures of preference for commitment and self‐control and relate them to our representations.     

Contracting with Imperfect Commitment and the Revelation Principle: The Single Agent Case

This paper extends the revelation principle to environments in which the mechanism designer cannot fully commit to the outcome induced by the mechanism. We show that he may optimally use a direct mechanism under which truthful revelation is an optimal strategy for the agent. In contrast with the conventional revelation principle, however, the agent may not use this strategy with probability one. Our results apply to contracting problems between a principal and a single agent. By reducing such problems to well‐defined programming problems they provide a basic tool for studying imperfect commitment.     

Institutional Violations,Costs and Attitudes

The paper proposes an alternative approach to the ontology of social institutions by systematizing various normative institutional influences and identifying processes that distinguish between conforming and violating behaviour. The prevailing – cost-based model – suggests that an agent's conformity to a specific institutional rule can be represented by a single measure – cost. The model is limited in its explanatory potential since it accounts for varieties of institutional behaviour in terms of single parametrical changes in the agents' utilities. The central argument shows that normative attitudes represent a distinctive normative structure capable of explaining crucial aspects of institutional behaviour. These attitudinal aspects provide the structure necessary for understanding institutional normativity and its violations.     

Serving two masters: Commitment profiles of employees in the German military reserve

Research on commitment has highlighted the importance of understanding multiple commitments to similar objects, and there is a desire to clarify the attendant complex interactions by applying a person-centred approach to commitment. Although there is a rich body of knowledge on commitment, questions regarding possible conflicts among the various types of commitment remain unanswered. Specifically, we know little about the effects of commitment to objects with similar characteristics (e.g. organizations) across domains (e.g. civil vs military). We draw on a sample of individuals in the German military reserve (N = 303) who serve voluntarily as soldiers in the armed forces and parallel work in civil organizations. We test hypotheses regarding the presence of different commitment profiles. We identified five commitment profiles and evidence for both within- and cross-domain effects of the antecedents and outcomes of commitment.     

Attachment insecurities and under-commitment in distressed couples: The role of positive and negative partner behaviors

Research has rarely considered intermediate variables in the association between attachment insecurities and relationship commitment. Based on attachment theory and Rusbult's Investment Model, we tested whether positive and negative partner behaviors explain this association in 91 distressed couples undergoing therapy. Path analyses based on the Actor–Partner Interdependence Model revealed that individuals with attachment avoidance reported perceiving fewer positive behaviors from their partner, which was associated with their own higher under-commitment. Partners of individuals with avoidance also reported perceiving fewer positive partner behaviors, which was in turn associated with their own higher under-commitment. Partners of individuals with attachment anxiety perceived more positive behaviors from their partner, which was associated to their own lower under-commitment. Perceived negative partner behaviors were only directly associated with higher under-commitment. These findings imply that perceived positive partner behaviors may be a key aspect to target in relationship therapy in couples who present with high attachment insecurities.     

行政规范性文件审查制度的规范建构——以劣迹艺人“封杀令”为例

修改后的《行政诉讼法》明确将行政规范性文件纳入司法审查范围，确立了以司法权制衡行政权的基本框架，但实践中审查标准的模糊甚至冲突使得许多规范性文件并未能进入合法性审查程序，即使进入也并未认定为违法。这与规范性文件备案审查制度设计的初衷相悖，为此在加强司法监督的同时，需重新定义提起司法审查的适格主体、放宽审查范围；同时进一步矫正与完善行政自我审查，从制定伊始即寻求内部审查与外部监督。该文结合我国现有制度经验，以期有效提升规范性文件审查力度，为社会事务的管理提供正当的法律约束力。     

种子开源的缘起、现实价值与实践模式

种子开源是开源运动在育种领域的延伸，旨在实现植物生产、育种、繁殖和分配过程中种质和技术的自由使用，以克服知识产权排他性保护对育种创新的负面影响。种子开源秉承自由、开放与共享的理念，其并非否定知识产权，也不意味着免费或没有限制和责任。防止种质资源私有化、育种创新的累积性以及种子和软件的共通性是开源运动延伸至育种领域的主要原因。种子开源具有整合育种资源、促进育种创新、保障国家粮食安全的现实价值。从域外实践看，种子开源大体可分为道德承诺、开源许可证和农民合作三种模式。在强调育种原始创新，突破种源“卡脖子”技术的当下，可尝试在受财政资金资助的高校及科研机构中推行许可证开源模式，同时鼓励其他育种者和农民加入，以促进育种创新，实现种业可持续发展。