朗伯下垫面的漫反射作用对天空亮度的影响

随机粗糙下垫面对入射到地表的太阳辐射的漫反射必然引起天空亮度的增加。本文基于下垫面为朗伯粗糙表面的假设基础上,对下垫面对向下太阳辐射的漫反射作用引起天空亮度变化的计算方法进行了研究,分析了利用互易性原理计算大气反射率、半球平均反射率和透过率的方法。对不同下垫面反照率对天空亮度的影响随观察天顶角的变化进行了计算和比较,结果表明随着观察天顶角的增加,下垫面的漫反射作用对天空亮度的影响也随之增强,特别当天顶角接近90°时,这种影响迅速增强。     

Response surface model diagnosis in two-way tables

Graphical model diagnosis procedures for two-way tables have already been proposed by Mandel, as well as by Bradu and Gabriel who used Gabriel's biplot as a main tool.

In this paper, a graphical model diagnosis extending Mandel's approach is developed. Response surface models are obtained whereby the response is expressed in terms of ‘truth-connected’ latent variates and, ultimately, in terms of originally measured external variates.

Meaningful models are obtained in some cases, accurate smoothing and interpolation algorithms in others.

As a by–product, Euclidean maps, which represent a twodimensional scaling (for rows or columns) also displaying ,ANOVA features, are obtained. To an extent, these maps can be viewed as a substitute for a model in the event of partial failure of the modelling operation.     

Experimental design for response surface gradient estimation

In this paper, a new experimental design and gradient estimation procedure is presented for Phase I response surface optimization. The design is motivated by basic principles of differential calculus, which imply that if a point in Rⁿ has been reached by exactly minimizing a function along a given direction, then the gradient of the function at that point must be orthogonal to the search direction followed. While exact line search is not required for the new design to be effective, this principle implies that the dimension of the gradient estimation procedure may often be reduced from n to n-1 variables, and the experimenter is able to concentrate experimental effort within the most productive region around the center of the design. The new design and gradient estimation procedures are presented, and bias and variance properties are derived. The effectiveness of the new design is shown to depend on the experimenter's ability to terminate line search within a near-stationary region of the line search function A simple heuristic is presented which indicates whether the new design should be used at a given experimental region.     

On choosing between fixed and random block effects in some no-interaction models

The purpose of this article is to strengthen the understanding of the relationship between a fixed-blocks and random-blocks analysis in models that do not include interactions between treatments and blocks. Treating the block effects as random has been recommended in the literature for balanced incomplete block designs (BIBD) because it results in smaller variances of treatment contrasts. This reduction in variance is large if the block-to-block variation relative to the total variation is small. However, this analysis is also more complicated because it results in a subjective interpretation of results if the block variance component is non-positive. The probability of a non-positive variance component is large precisely in those situations where a random-blocks analysis is useful – that is, when the block-to-block variation, relative to the total variation, is small. In contrast, the analysis in which the block effects are fixed is computationally simpler and less subjective. The loss in power for some BIBD with a fixed effects analysis is trivial. In such cases, we recommend treating the block effects as fixed. For response surface experiments designed in blocks, however, an opposite recommendation is made. When block effects are fixed, the variance of the estimated response surface is not uniquely estimated, and in practice this variance is obtained by ignoring the block effect. It is argued that a more reasonable approach is to treat the block effects to be random than to ignore it.     

托甫台区东河砂岩油藏地层结构与封堵性分析

托甫台西东河塘组顶面整体表现为东南倾伏的单斜构造,局部有较多的微型低幅度背斜。本地区东河砂岩油藏属于海退环境下受古地貌控制的以砂坝沉积为主的油藏。泥盆系东河塘组（D3d）及其下伏的志留系柯坪塔格组（S1k）、上覆的石炭系巴楚组（C1b1）在本地区都有剥蚀尖灭。东河塘组及与其相接触的地层在东河塘组尖灭线附件岩上性具有封堵接触与非封堵接触特征,构造、地层岩性以及地层接触关系三因素造成了东河塘组油藏圈闭顶、底板及侧向封堵的特色。通过构造及顶、底板岩性分析和侧向封堵性分析,找出了有效圈闭分布区域,对目前进一步的开采以及外围区进一步的勘探具有现实意义。     

机械零件图像表面瑕疵的检测算法

针对机械零件表面瑕疵检测问题,将机器视觉技术用于零件表面图像瑕疵的提取和分析,提出一种基于粒子群 优化算法加权模糊C均值聚类的零件缺陷图像智能分割算法,精确定位了机械零件表面的瑕疵区域。缺陷的形状特征 是判断其类型的重要依据,提取缺陷的形状特征,设计支持向量机分类器来检测划痕、裂纹、砂眼等表面瑕疵。研究结果 表明,该方法具有较强的实用性,在实验数据库上达到90%以上的正确识别率。     

局部激光表面处理对7075铝合金疲劳性能影响的研究

7075铝合金以其独特的性能广泛应用于载运工具各个行业中,但是,铝合金在焊接后会出现疲劳强度降低的现象,这对载运工具的安全性产能生了消极影响。针对这一现象,采用局部激光表面处理法来改善7075铝合金的疲劳性能。对未处理试样和局部激光表面处理后试样的疲劳裂纹扩展速率的研究表明,局部激光表面处理能有效降低疲劳裂纹扩展速率,提高疲劳寿命。ANSYS有限元残余应力分析及硬度试验表明,局部激光表面处理后试样上形成的残余应力场和局部软化现象是疲劳裂纹扩展速率降低的主要因素。     

Rapid reconstruction method of curved surface model in reverse design of bucket teeth

零件的曲面模型是获得其逆向设计数据等后续处理的关键环节。为了快速获得具有复杂外形和内腔的某型挖掘机斗齿的设计数据,研究了该斗齿点云曲面原型的获取方法。鉴于斗齿不同部位对逆向设计精度的要求不同,采用Imageware和Geomagic Studio对斗齿的内腔、销孔和外形点云分别进行曲面重构之后,再进行整个模型的曲面整合策略。介绍了应用两种软件完成斗齿曲面模型的主要处理过程及关键环节。该方法能快速获得符合精度要求的斗齿曲面模型,可行且高效,为斗齿曲面模型的实体化及其后续处理提供了可靠依据。     

普通碳钢材料表面镍铜合金化

运用金属材料表面合金化的方法,对普通碳钢表层进行镍铜合金粉末热渗镀处理的试验原理,工艺及碳钢然材选择作了研究,并对采用此方法处理后的材料进行了耐氢氟酸腐蚀的实验,达到了预期效果。     

COMBINING MULTIPLE MARKERS FOR MULTI‐CATEGORY CLASSIFICATION: AN ROC SURFACE APPROACH

The Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) curve and the Area Under the ROC Curve (AUC) are effective statistical tools for evaluating the accuracy of diagnostic tests for binary‐class medical data. However, many real‐world biomedical problems involve more than two categories. The Volume Under the ROC Surface (VUS) and Hypervolume Under the ROC Manifold (HUM) measures are extensions for the AUC under three‐class and multiple‐class models. Inference methods for such measures have been proposed recently. We develop a method of constructing a linear combination of markers for which the VUS or HUM of the combined markers is maximized. Asymptotic validity of the estimator is justified by extending the results for maximum rank correlation estimation that are well known in econometrics. A bootstrap resampling method is then applied to estimate the sampling variability. Simulations and examples are provided to demonstrate our methods.