改进FMEA法的石油钻探设备HSE风险识别

针对石油钻探设备的特点，围绕HSE体系的基本框架，从安全、健康、环境三个方面将石油钻探设备HSE风险分为两级。通过改进的故障模型及影响分析（FMEA）法对石油钻探设备HSE风险进行识别，并将识别出的风险因素加以归类，为石油钻探设备风险评价和控制提供依据。     

基于小波神经网络的油泵故障诊断

依据小波神经网络技术的各种优点，提出采用三层BP小波神经网络构造故障诊断模型，对油泵进行故障监测和诊断。该故障诊断方法对神经网络训练、故障特征参数提取和对应神经网络状态输出等均实现了数据库管理，对油泵多种常见故障取得了满意的诊断效果，不仅具有特征自动提取以及较强的自学习和自适应功能，而且操作维护简便。研究结果表明：信号的小波分析和神经网络识别的融合将为油泵状态监测与故障诊断系统的建立提供新的方法和更简便的途径；对油库安全维护与故障诊断具有重要意义。     

低渗透储层可动剩余油核磁共振分析

针对有代表性密闭取芯岩芯平行样，分别进行油水饱和度和油水高速离心驱替实验核磁共振分析，定量获得 储层目前剩余油饱和度、采出油相对量、可动油饱和度及驱油效率上限等参数，对比各参数建立储层可动剩余油饱和 度核磁共振分析方法。研究表明，建立岩芯饱和油束缚水状态和水驱油的最佳离心力分别为2.250 MPa 和0.220 MPa， 4 个渗透率级别（>50、[10，50）、[1，10）和<1 mD）储层采出油饱和度分别为23.49%、16.81%、8.70% 和9.99%，可动油 饱和度分别为50.34%、43.76%、29.67% 和22.89%，可动剩余油饱和度分别为26.85%、26.95%、20.97% 和12.90%，由 于储层非均质性影响，大于10 mD 储层采出油明显高于10 mD 以下储层，但大于10 mD 储层可动油饱和度较高，故可 动剩余油饱和度也较高，小于1 mD 的储层可动剩余油明显低于其他储层。     

Who Lives Near Coke Plants and Oil Refineries? An Exploration of the Environmental Inequity Hypothesis

Facility-specific information on pollution was obtained for 36 coke plants and 46 oil refineries in the United States and matched with information on populations surrounding these 82 facilities. These data were analyzed to determine whether environmental inequities were present, whether they were more economic or racial in nature, and whether the racial composition of nearby communities has changed significantly since plants began operations.The Census tracts near coke plants have a disproportionate share of poor and nonwhite residents. Multivariate analyses suggest that existing inequities are primarily economic in nature. The findings for oil refineries are not strongly supportive of the environmental inequity hypothesis. Rank ordering of facilities by race, poverty, and pollution produces limited (although not consistent) evidence that the more risky facilities tend to be operating in communities with above-median proportions of nonwhite residents (near coke plants) and Hispanic residents (near oil refineries). Over time, the racial makeup of many communities near facilities has changed significantly, particularly in the case of coke plants sited in the early 1900s. Further risk-oriented studies of multiple manufacturing facilities in various industrial sectors of the economy are recommended.The authors are all affiliated with the Harvard Center for Risk Analysis     

Probabilistic Reliability Modeling for Oil Exploration & Production (E&P) Facilities in the Tallgrass Prairie Preserve

The aging domestic oil production infrastructure represents a high risk to the environment because of the type of fluids being handled (oil and brine) and the potential for accidental release of these fluids into sensitive ecosystems. Currently, there is not a quantitative risk model directly applicable to onshore oil exploration and production (E&P) facilities. We report on a probabilistic reliability model created for onshore exploration and production (E&P) facilities. Reliability theory, failure modes and effects analysis (FMEA), and event trees were used to develop the model estimates of the failure probability of typical oil production equipment. Monte Carlo simulation was used to translate uncertainty in input parameter values to uncertainty in the model output. The predicted failure rates were calibrated to available failure rate information by adjusting probability density function parameters used as random variates in the Monte Carlo simulations. The mean and standard deviation of normal variate distributions from which the Weibull distribution characteristic life was chosen were used as adjustable parameters in the model calibration. The model was applied to oil production leases in the Tallgrass Prairie Preserve, Oklahoma. We present the estimated failure probability due to the combination of the most significant failure modes associated with each type of equipment (pumps, tanks, and pipes). The results show that the estimated probability of failure for tanks is about the same as that for pipes, but that pumps have much lower failure probability. The model can provide necessary equipment reliability information for proactive risk management at the lease level by providing quantitative information to base allocation of maintenance resources to high-risk equipment that will minimize both lost production and ecosystem damage.     

埃及的油气资源与中埃贸易

从近年的钻探情况看，埃及大地下蕴藏有较为丰富或很丰富的石油和天然气．10多年来，在中埃贸易中，埃方一直处于逆差，主要原因是埃方无法提供更多中方所需的产品，因此，埃及的石油和天然气将会在平衡中埃贸易中发挥重要作用。     

Determinants of perceived occupational stress among Chinese offshore oil workers

This is the first comprehensive study to explore the determinants of perceived sources of occupational stress among workers in the rapidly expanding Chinese offshore oil industry. In this study we surveyed 561 Chinese workers in a state-owned oil company using a questionnaire that measured occupational stress and Type A personality behaviour (TABP), social support and other socio-demographic data. Occupational stress was assessed by the Occupational Stress Scale, adapted from the questionnaire developed in previous studies (Cooper & Sutherland, 1987; Sutherland & Cooper, 1996). Using factor analyses, we identified nine sources of stress: 'interface between job and family/social life'; 'career and achievement'; 'safety'; 'management problems and relationship with workmates'; 'physical environment of workplace'; 'living environment'; 'managerial role'; 'ergonomics'; and 'organizational structure'. We performed hierarchical regression analyses on each source of stress with variables reflecting socio-demographic characteristics, TABP and social support. Better-educated workers perceived more stress from the interface between their job and family or social life and career achievement, but less stress from ergonomics. Type A workers perceived more stress from career achievement and the living environment. Social support was significantly associated with four sources of stress. Workers with different job titles perceived stress from different sources. Our findings imply that, in the stress management of offshore oil workers, different strategies and methods could be applied to different occupational groups, and to workers with different personalities and socio-demographic characteristics.     

Job stress, social support, job satisfaction and absenteeism among offshore oil personnel

The major aim of this study was to examine how job stress in the offshore working environment may affect workers experience of strain. This study also analyses both the main and moderator effect of social support on the association between job stress and strain. The association between strain and absenteeism is also analysed. The analyses are based on a self-completion questionnaire survey among employees on offshore oil installations in the Norwegian part of the North Sea (n = 1137). The data collection was carried out in 1994. A similar study was conducted in 1990. Job stress was found to be associated with job dissatisfaction, as well as experience of strain. Social support from a supervisor had a main effect on strain. Some evidence of the moderating effects of social support were found. The employees who had been absent from work experienced most strain. It is concluded that job stress predicted job dissatisfaction and strain. In turn, strain and absenteeism were associated with each other. These results suggest that improving organizational and social factors should be the focal area in health promotion in the offshore oil industry.     

中亚石油地缘经济与中国地缘战略

中亚蕴藏着丰富的石油资源,这使得中亚石油地缘经济地位突出,地缘竞争更加复杂。中国现代化建设的迅速发展需要进口大量石油,中亚对于中国的能源安全、边疆稳定、新疆石油勘探、西北石油开发具有重大战略意义。因此,中国应通过能源外交、上海合作组织等强化其中亚地缘战略。     

油田炼化企业成本预算审计的程序与内容

文章阐述了油田炼化企业成本预算编制、成本预算执行过程、成本预算执行结果的审计过程和审计内容 ,对企业降低成本、提高经济效益具有重要意义