Shared or separate? Money management and changing norms of gender equality among Norwegian couples

Over the last generation the male breadwinner/housewife family has gradually become outdated as the dominant normative model for family households. The new ideal has become the adult worker family model, where gender equality defined as economic independence and sharing of household work and childcare between spouses/partners is the norm. The Nordic countries are the frontrunners of this development, and the Nordic welfare model is assumed to be well adapted to this new ideal. However, this ideal does not hold clear norms of how money should be managed and shared in family households, and Nordic families have to establish their own systems. Norwegian survey data from the International Social Survey Programme (ISSP) in 1994 and 2002 are used to analyse patterns of money management in family households. Our study indicates that, even if sharing of economic resources and responsibility remains the most common pattern, a greater number of families are choosing separate and independent systems of financial allocation. This increase in divided systems of money management may lead to new gender inequalities because of the lack of recognition of the value of domestic labour and family care as part of the common provision.     

随机长短期利率和通货膨胀下的资产配置问题研究

通货膨胀可以被认为是一种背景风险,通常只对财富的增长率有影响,而不会改变投资财富的数量。现有的资产管理文献几乎大部分都没有考虑通货膨胀问题。但是当投资期限为中长期时,通货膨胀风险及规避问题是不容忽视的,直到近期人们才真正开始关注通货膨胀风险。为了求解方便,在利率期限结构选择中通常选择的单因子模型具有一个严重的缺陷,即不同到期期限的债券价格是完全相关的,这与事实不符。本文考虑了银行帐户、两种债券和股票这几种可以交易的资产,采用了HullWhite两因素利率期限结构模型,对以通货膨胀和长、短期利率为     

Estimations of the parameter of a Dirichlet distribution using residual allocation model representations and sampling properties

Estimating the parameter of a Dirichlet distribution is an interesting question since this distribution arises in many situations of applied probability. Classical procedures are based on sample of Dirichlet distribution. In this paper we exhibit five different estimators from only one observation. They are based either on residual allocation model decompositions or on sampling properties of Dirichlet distributions. Two ways are investigated: the first one uses fragments’ size and the second one uses size-biased permutations of a partition. Numerical computations based on simulations are supplied. The estimators are finally used to estimate birth probabilities per month.     

A NOTE ON SAMPLING DESIGNS FOR RANDOM PROCESSES WITH NO QUADRATIC MEAN DERIVATIVE

Several authors have previously discussed the problem of obtaining asymptotically optimal design sequences for estimating the path of a stochastic process using intricate analytical techniques. In this note, an alternative treatment is provided for obtaining asymptotically optimal sampling designs for estimating the path of a second order stochastic process with known covariance function. A simple estimator is proposed which is asymptotically equivalent to the full‐fledged best linear unbiased estimator and the entire asymptotics are carried out through studying this estimator. The current approach lends an intuitive statistical perspective to the entire estimation problem.     

控制权分裂、股权分置与上市公司治理

运用现代企业理论的分析工具,试图揭示股权分置与公司治理的内在联系与作用机理。在分析不同企业形态下的控制权配置后,论证由于控制权的分裂,使得股权分置对公司治理产生重大影响。最后结合中国股市发展的特殊历程,探讨了股权分置改革的意义所在。     

收入差距过大对效率与公平关系的影响

收入差距过大不仅产生公平问题,而且也会对效率产生重要的影响。公平和效率之间的关系,也就需要进行更加细致的讨论。公平和效率之间,既具有矛盾性,又具有一致性。     

信贷资源配置与经济可持续发展

概述了经济可持续发展与信贷资源配置的关系，从绍兴市的实际出发，分析了信贷资源配置上的缺陷，提出了改善信贷资源配置支持经济可持续发展的思考和建议．     

明晰土地产权,积极培育农村要素市场——基于广西庆林村的马六坡案例

本文首先分析了产权、资源配置与产业结构的关系,接着通过对马六坡引进“公司 基地 农户”经营模式进行了分析,认为其成功经验是:以土地为代表的农村生产要素的优化配置是成功的关键;企业是整合农村生产要素的有效组织形式。最后,对案例提出了两点问题,并说明了相关对策。     

电信规制中两难冲突的改善

从委托代理理论出发,建立了电信规制的最优规划模型,探讨了完全信息下和不对称信息下两难冲突的有效解问题,得出了低效率运营商的产量扭曲不影响帕累托效率的结论。在此基础上,对目标函数、配置效率函数、信息租金函数进行了模拟分析,认为解决电信规制中两难冲突需改善电信规制两难冲突的策略,采取具体措施尽可能地利用运营商的私有信息,实现其自我选择;同时,需制定电信规制机制的局限性,从而进一步研究电信规制两难冲突的问题。     

Reliability Analysis Based on the Losses from Failures

The conventional reliability analysis is based on the premise that increasing the reliability of a system will decrease the losses from failures. On the basis of counterexamples, it is demonstrated that this is valid only if all failures are associated with the same losses. In case of failures associated with different losses, a system with larger reliability is not necessarily characterized by smaller losses from failures. Consequently, a theoretical framework and models are proposed for a reliability analysis, linking reliability and the losses from failures. Equations related to the distributions of the potential losses from failure have been derived. It is argued that the classical risk equation only estimates the average value of the potential losses from failure and does not provide insight into the variability associated with the potential losses. Equations have also been derived for determining the potential and the expected losses from failures for nonrepairable and repairable systems with components arranged in series, with arbitrary life distributions. The equations are also valid for systems/components with multiple mutually exclusive failure modes. The expected losses given failure is a linear combination of the expected losses from failure associated with the separate failure modes scaled by the conditional probabilities with which the failure modes initiate failure. On this basis, an efficient method for simplifying complex reliability block diagrams has been developed. Branches of components arranged in series whose failures are mutually exclusive can be reduced to single components with equivalent hazard rate, downtime, and expected costs associated with intervention and repair. A model for estimating the expected losses from early-life failures has also been developed. For a specified time interval, the expected losses from early-life failures are a sum of the products of the expected number of failures in the specified time intervals covering the early-life failures region and the expected losses given failure characterizing the corresponding time intervals. For complex systems whose components are not logically arranged in series, discrete simulation algorithms and software have been created for determining the losses from failures in terms of expected lost production time, cost of intervention, and cost of replacement. Different system topologies are assessed to determine the effect of modifications of the system topology on the expected losses from failures. It is argued that the reliability allocation in a production system should be done to maximize the profit/value associated with the system. Consequently, a method for setting reliability requirements and reliability allocation maximizing the profit by minimizing the total cost has been developed. Reliability allocation that maximizes the profit in case of a system consisting of blocks arranged in series is achieved by determining for each block individually the reliabilities of the components in the block that minimize the sum of the capital, operation costs, and the expected losses from failures. A Monte Carlo simulation based net present value (NPV) cash-flow model has also been proposed, which has significant advantages to cash-flow models based on the expected value of the losses from failures per time interval. Unlike these models, the proposed model has the capability to reveal the variation of the NPV due to different number of failures occurring during a specified time interval (e.g., during one year). The model also permits tracking the impact of the distribution pattern of failure occurrences and the time dependence of the losses from failures.