权利的代价——权利限制的根据、方式、宗旨和原则

:权利受法律的限制是权利必须付出的代价。它的正当根据是建构一种和平共处的权利秩序 ,化解多种利益之间的冲突和确保社会责任的承担。法律对权利的限制一般采用“权利附条件”的方式来实现 ,从表面看它是对权利的主体资格和行为自由的限制 ;从深层看它是对权利所设定的利益的限制。但是 ,这并不意味着法律对权利的限制可以任性。只有把权利限制的价值目标定位在关怀和捍卫权利时 ,权利限制才不至于实质性地损害或剥夺权利本身。据此 ,权利限制必须遵循正当性、不贬损性和最低性原则     

试论《礼记》的礼学思想

《礼记》的作者清楚地认识到孟子和荀子人性论的不足,遂提出了"人情"论来探求人的本质。顺人情和节制人情都需要礼。《礼记》的作者提出了先王制礼说,并将目光转向了人的主体之外,在更加广阔的背景中寻求礼产生和存在的根源。礼所象征的是一种秩序,《礼记》所说的"序",实际上是区分万物的标准,同时也是社会的秩序和规范。《礼记》的作者试图在礼的"别"与乐的"和"之间寻求和谐与统一。《礼记》在治国方面则是反复强调礼的作用,是儒家的思想家们重视伦理道德的反映。     

A Dynamic Discrimination Information Based On Cumulative Residual Entropy And Its Properties

In this article, we introduce a measure of discrepancy between two life-time distributions based on cumulative residual entropy. The dynamic form of this measure is considered and some of its properties are obtained. The relations between dynamic form and some well-known concepts in reliability such as mean residual life-time, hazard rate order, and new better (worse) than used are studied.     

Variance Estimation and Asymptotic Confidence Bands for the Mean Estimator of Sampled Functional Data with High Entropy Unequal Probability Sampling Designs

For fixed size sampling designs with high entropy, it is well known that the variance of the Horvitz–Thompson estimator can be approximated by the Hájek formula. The interest of this asymptotic variance approximation is that it only involves the first order inclusion probabilities of the statistical units. We extend this variance formula when the variable under study is functional, and we prove, under general conditions on the regularity of the individual trajectories and the sampling design, that we can get a uniformly convergent estimator of the variance function of the Horvitz–Thompson estimator of the mean function. Rates of convergence to the true variance function are given for the rejective sampling. We deduce, under conditions on the entropy of the sampling design, that it is possible to build confidence bands whose coverage is asymptotically the desired one via simulation of Gaussian processes with variance function given by the Hájek formula. Finally, the accuracy of the proposed variance estimator is evaluated on samples of electricity consumption data measured every half an hour over a period of 1 week.     

Stochastic properties and parameter estimation for a general load-sharing system

We study here a general load-sharing parallel system in which the lifetimes of the components of the system are arbitrary continuous random variables. The system functions if at least one component in the system functions and the surviving unit shares the whole load. Some sufficient conditions are obtained for the usual stochastic order between two different load-sharing systems. We then consider the optimal allocation problem of one load standby in a series system with two independent components. Finally, the maximum likelihood estimation of the parameters for some specific systems is discussed.     

家庭暴力专项立法与妇女权益保障研究述评（2000--2012年）

2000--2012年以来的十余年间。以妇女权益保障为导向的家庭暴力专项立法研究蓬勃兴起。学界主要围绕专项立法的必要性、立法宗旨与基本原则、家庭暴力界定、民事保护令制度构建、妇女受虐杀夫的定罪量刑等展开研究；研究方法从惯常的比较研究、文献研究，拓展到实证研究与行动研究层面。本阶段研究取得突破性进展，为立法机关将制定家庭暴力专项法纳入今后五年立法规划，澄清了许多观念误区，提供了可资借鉴的制度性设计。梳理已有的研究成果，对于确立家庭暴力防治法的目的与宗旨，界定核心概念，设计关键制度无疑会大有裨益。     

邓·司各脱论原因秩序与上帝超越性——对现代动力世界根源的一个考察

诸多早期现代哲学家们着力于利用动力因果关系对现代人与现代世界进行规划。为了理解现代动力世界观的兴起，我们不仅需要注意自然科学的发展，也需要注意这一变化背后隐蔽而更为根本的神学考虑：上帝的超越性问题。在司各脱对于原因秩序的规划之中，在托马斯等人那里的受造物与上帝之间的范式因果关系被动力关系所取代，上帝作为第一目的因主要体现为爱。这使得动力因果关系在受造物与上帝的因果关系中的作用大大增强，同时上帝在因果系统之中的超越性通过爱而得以以非形而上学的方式得到保证。这一方面迎合了77禁令对于神学与哲学关系的重新规定;另一方面通过奥卡姆等后继者的继续发展，为早期现代哲学对动力关系的倚重铺平了道路。     

Pólya–Aeppli of Order k Risk Model

In this study, we define the Pólya–Aeppli process of order k as a compound Poisson process with truncated geometric compounding distribution with success probability 1 ? ρ > 0 and investigate some of its basic properties. Using simulation, we provide a comparison between the sample paths of the Pólya–Aeppli process of order k and the Poisson process. Also, we consider a risk model in which the claim counting process {N(t)} is a Pólya-Aeppli process of order k, and call it a Pólya—Aeppli of order k risk model. For the Pólya–Aeppli of order k risk model, we derive the ruin probability and the distribution of the deficit at the time of ruin. We discuss in detail the particular case of exponentially distributed claims and provide simulation results for more general cases.     

Abelian and Tauberian Theorems on the Bias of the Hill Estimator

The bias of Hill's estimator for the positive extreme value index of a distribution is investigated in relation to the convergence rate in the regular variation property of the tail function of the common distribution of the sample and the corresponding tail quantile function. Based on the theory of generalized regular variation, natural second-order conditions are proposed which both imply and are implied by convergence of the expectation of Hill's estimator to the extreme value index at certain rates. A comparison with second-order conditions encountered in the literature is made.     

A clustering method for global optimization based on thekth nearest neighbour

In this paper we describe a stochastic method for global optimization based on a uniform sampling in the search domain. After a reduction of the sample, computing the distance between the remaining points and using the distribution of the kth nearest neighbour enables clusters of points to be built up, hopefully fitting the regions of attraction of significant local optima; from each of these a local search is started. The properties of the method are analysed, and detailed computational results on standard test functions are provided.