美国优秀教师标准及对我国教育改革的启示——以音乐教师的培养为例

美国国家专业教学标准委员会制定优秀音乐教师标准的颁布,使美国音乐教师的能力和专业发展取得令人瞩目的成绩,是美国音乐教育走向世界级水平的有力依托。我国正处于深化教育改革时期,文章对这一标准的内容解读和分析,以期为构建我国优秀音乐教师标准,推动新时期音乐教育的发展,探寻可供借鉴的成功经验。     

Micro‐pensions in India: Issues and challenges

This article aims to fill a gap in the social security literature on India by examining the role of micro‐pensions. The analysis suggests that because of the heterogeneity of the target population, micro‐pension products — with microfinance institutions (MFIs) as the main, but not only sponsors — should be voluntary and portable and permit experimentation in their design and in the delivery of services. Accordingly, decentralized micro‐pension schemes that operate within an appropriate regulatory framework and according to sound governance practices are deemed more fitting for the Indian context than centralized schemes with limited flexibility. The article discusses two case studies of recently‐initiated micro‐pension schemes in India, which reveal the need for rigorous analytical research on the micro‐pension sector, particularly concerning the structuring of pay‐out options and innovative delivery mechanisms. The article concludes that micro‐pensions have the potential to be one of the most useful components in India's multi‐tiered social security system, and should be encouraged.     

Marginal Contributions and Externalities in the Value

Our concern is the extension of the theory of the Shapley value to problems involving externalities. Using the standard axiom systems behind the Shapley value leads to the identification of bounds on players' payoffs around an “externality‐free” value. The approach determines the direction and maximum size of Pigouvian‐like transfers among players, transfers based on the specific nature of externalities that are compatible with basic normative principles. Examples are provided to illustrate the approach and to draw comparisons with previous literature.     

Social security contributions: Economic and public finance considerations

Social security contributions make up around a fourth of total tax revenue in OECD countries. However, there are concerns on the economic effects of high levies on labour. Recent studies suggest that at least a third of taxes on labour are shifted onto employers, leading to higher wage costs. We find substantial evidence in the literature that the nature of social security contributions matters. With a clear connection between contributions and rights, the employee will perceive this contribution as a price and not as a tax. As a consequence, these contributions will be less distortive in terms of labour supply, wage costs and private savings.     

Including informal economy workers in contributory social protection: Current challenges in Latin America

Owing to a favourable economic situation and to national labour market and social protection policy reforms, Latin America has witnessed significant progress in social protection coverage. Some countries, however, have seen weaker progress, with stagnant coverage levels. Several factors underlie the extension of pensions and health care coverage and the formalization of the labour market: substantial improvements in the quality of employment, more flexible eligibility criteria for contributory coverage, and the strengthening of the supervisory and regulatory roles of the State. This article first addresses the link between social protection and informality in Latin America to show the relationship between informal labour markets, the lack of social protection and the scale of unpaid contributions. Also highlighted is regional progress in extending social protection as a result of labour market formalization. Countries in the region have used various policies to encourage formalization and these have also helped to reduce wage inequalities, since formalization has had especially beneficial effects on low‐income sectors. Finally, we discuss dichotomous views on social protection financing in the region that tend to place contributory and non‐contributory financing in opposition to one another but do so in favour of the latter, tend to support proposals for limited coverage, and which do not challenge the stratification of access to social protection. The move towards a convergence of benefits is deemed essential: strategies to universalize social protection in the region should not focus exclusively on increasing resources, but must address institutional change as a crucial part of the locus of innovation.     

Where do IPBES delegates in Europe see challenges,needs, gaps and opportunities in policy uptake of “Nature’s contributions to people”?

This research note illustrates how European national delegates to the Intergovernmental Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services (IPBES) perceive the challenges, needs, gaps and opportunities related to the policy implementation of “Nature’s contributions to people (NCP)” in their nation. Until now, only little information has been available on how IPBES delegations perceive national policy-uptake and the implementation of the IPBES core concept of NCP. Based on an online survey with IPBES delegates, we aim to provide a stock-take of how IPBES delegations see NCP currently being incorporated in national government policies in Europe and how these policies are being implemented through programmes. Survey results show IPBES delegates consider a lack of relevant data and methodologies for NCP assessments to be a major obstacle to the uptake and implementation of NCP concepts in Europe. We wonder if availability of data and methodologies are the most prominent challenges to make IPBES a success, and consider the need for policy uptake and implementation to be more prominently addressed within the IPBES process.     

浅谈科技期刊综述文章的组稿

科技期刊的组稿工作意义深远,特别是优质综述文章的刊登能够有效地提高科技期刊的被引频次和影响因子。围绕文章类型、组稿的题目、撰稿人三个方面,探讨了综述文章的组织、选取的侧重点和注意事项等。     

民国时期“治黄顾问团”的黄河流域规划及启示

1946-1947年间最高经济委员会所属公共工程委员会受命组织由美国专家组成、中国专家参加的"治黄顾问团",开展了黄河全流域规划,留下了大量英语文书资料和研究成果,之后不断有节录翻译发表而鲜有整体介绍与评说。充分利用档案以充实此次规划的信息,从历史的角度肯定中外科技工作者的贡献,正视其局限,这既有学术意义,也有现实意义。     

名刊建设需有精品意识

名刊建设,必须突出精品意识。要把刊物办成精品,不要办成凡品,更不要办成次品。所谓精品,就是在学术观点和研究结论上,有创新,有突破;能言之有物,不人云亦云;能推进学科繁荣,促进科研深入;能发人所未发,启迪读者;能高瞻远瞩,引领学术潮流;能推动实践,促进社会发展。在编校质量上,文字内容近于零差错,编排美观,印刷精良,装帧有个性。选题策划、组稿约稿、编校质量这三个环节是否体现精品意识,直接关系到名刊建设的成败。     

毛泽东与武汉抗战

武汉抗战是中国抗日战争由战略防御向战略相持阶段转变的拐点。在空前团结、合作、民主、进步的气氛中,武汉成为全国抗战的政治、军事、文化中心。毛泽东以全球反法西斯与全国抗战的全局视野密切关注武汉,通过文章、电文、信件指导中共代表团与国民党紧密合作,为"武汉抗战"作出了不可磨灭的丰功伟绩。首先,他将与蒋介石为代表的国民党主导集团进行合作作为抗日民族统一战线的中心环节,促进国民党坚持抗战,巩固抗日民族统一战线。其次,向国民党建议武汉会战实行的战略、战术;同时指挥八路军积极开展独立自主的游击战、运动战,策应国民党的正面战场,粉碎日军三个月灭亡中国的美梦。最后,组建新四军,策应武汉抗战,并为武汉沦陷后的华中抗战预留伏笔。