Skin color,sex, and educational attainment in the post-civil rights era

We assess the relationship between skin color and educational attainment for native-born non-Hispanic Black and White men and women, using data from the Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults (CARDIA) Study. CARDIA is a medical cohort study with twenty years of social background data and a continuous measure of skin color, recorded as the percent of light reflected off skin. For Black men and women, we find a one-standard-deviation increase in skin lightness to be associated with a quarter-year increase in educational attainment. For White women, we find an association approximately equal in magnitude to that found for Black respondents, and the pattern of significance across educational transitions suggests that skin color for White women is not simply a proxy for family background. For White men, any relationship between skin color and attainment is not robust and, analyses suggest, might primarily reflect differences in family background. Findings suggest that discrimination on the basis of skin color may be less specific to race than previously thought.     

论校长威望的来源

一所学校办学效益的好坏,关键在于校长威望的高低。那么,校长的威望来自哪些方面呢?一是来自校长自身的素养和主观努力,包括校长的政治素质、思想素质、人际关系、人格魅力、学识能力等方面的因素;二是来自外界的认可和宣传,这主要是由下属的肯定和认可,以及社会的舆论宣传决定的。这两个来源决定了校长的威望,也是学校办学成功的有力保障。     

Can digital skills raise occupational prestige among ethnic minorities?

Using data from a large-scale Annual Social Survey of Israel’s Central Bureau of Statistics, we investigate the correlation between digital skills and occupational prestige among veteran Jews and two minority groups, namely Arabs and immigrants to Israel from the Former Soviet Union (FSU). Our findings show that both minority groups have significant disadvantages in occupational prestige compared to veteran Jews. Although causation cannot be inferred because of the correlational design of our study, digital skills were found to contribute to occupational prestige among veteran Jews and FSU immigrants, beyond the classic socio-demographic factors. The occupational prestige gap between veteran Jews and FSU immigrants was eliminated after controlling for socio-demographic variables and before taking digital skills into consideration. The effect of digital skills on occupational prestige among Arabs was insignificant and after controlling for socio-demographic and digital skills, the gap in occupational prestige between veteran Jews and Arabs remained significant.     

Masstige model and measure for brand management

The purpose of this article is to reconceptualize the term “masstige” (Mass Prestige) marketing, develop a masstige model for brand management, and extend the use of the Masstige Mean Scale (MMS). The study was conducted based on the data from 600 individuals living in the United States, France, and India using a structured questionnaire consisting of different factors/sources of brand equity, such as mass prestige, brand knowledge, and perceived quality. On the basis of the findings, we establish that the greater the brand's Masstige Mean Index (MMI) value (“MMIV”), the higher the potential customers' top-of-mind brand awareness. Low MMIVs imply that firms have a long way to go to build their brands. We argue that MMI may allow firms to measure brand equity in different regions, within a country or in foreign countries, to derive insights into the popularity of their brands. We posit three theoretical propositions and develop two theoretical models (i) a hexagon model and (ii) a three-stage model for masstige marketing to define, reconceptualize, and explain the phenomenon.     

The transmission of socioeconomic status and prestige in Great Britain and the United States

We analyze male occupational attainment using separate models in which occupational level is measured by indigenous socioeconomic index (SEI) scales, indigenous prestige scales, and a common prestige scale. Other than some consistent societal differences, the SEI scales produce highly similar results in both societies. In sharp contrast, both indigenous and common prestige scales indicate a stronger relative effect of origin (compared with education) on occupation in Great Britain. The dimensions of prestige and socioeconomic status thus seem to tap different aspects of the social mobility process, and the societies differ in the transmission of prestige but not socioeconomic status.     

大学生对职业的评价及分析

从2002年在厦门大学学生中调查的数据分析可以发现,大学生的职业声望评价与其他一些职业声望的调查数据有着较高的一致性。决定职业声望高低的因素包括教育、收入、权力和社会关系资源四个方面,与职业声望高度相关的不仅有教育地位、收入地位和权力地位,还有社会关系资源。现阶段一些职业还存在一定程度的地位相悖现象,即一些职业虽然声望分数较高,但在权力、收入或关系资源方面的评价较低;另一些职业虽然收入较高或权力较大,但职业声望分数却偏低。     

消费者对品牌延伸的评价：拥有者效应

通过运用2水平产品功能类似、2水平形象一致和3水平拥有者关系(母品牌拥有者、竞争品牌拥有者、未使用者)试验设计,探讨了不同消费群体对品牌延伸评价的差异性及其原因。发现延伸产品与原产品功能类似性、延伸产品与母品牌形象一致性对消费者接受延伸产品具有重要影响,但这种影响会因拥有关系而异:母品牌拥有者主要是根据形象一致,竞争品牌拥有者和未使用者主要是根据功能类似对延伸做出评价;竞争品牌使用者则对形象不一致的延伸给予更高的评价。在接触延伸信息后的母品牌评价中,母品牌拥有者的评价与功能一致性正相关,未使用者的评价与形象一致性正相关,而形象与功能一致性对竞争品牌拥有者的评价没有影响。据此推断,延伸评价不一定是一种纯粹的"情感转移过程",而更可能是"利益追求"或"利益驱动"的过程。     

上海话和东北话亲属称呼语泛化不均衡现象研究

调查上海话和东北话中亲属称呼语泛化的类型和使用范围,比较称呼语亲属词在这两种方言中泛化的不同特点,探索这种语言现象背后的社会文化心理因素。     

浅谈家长威信的建立

家长的威信是家长对子女进行有效教育的前提条件.当前树立家长威信方面存在各种误区.树立家长威信必须消除封建家长制残余思想,建立平等的亲情关系,家长要做到严于律己,以身作则.     

中国公众的收入公平感:一种新制度主义社会学的解释

借助“嵌入性”和“合法性”概念,本文将关于社会公平感形成的基本共识理论与自我评价理论整合起来,提出了一种关于分配公平感的新制度主义社会学解释。本文认为,社会成员对自己所获得的社会资源是否公平的感受取决于社会成员的自我认知与社会共识之间达成一致的程度。当自我感知的地位低于社会评价的地位时,个体倾向于认为自己所得到的社会资源是不公平的;相反,当自我感知的地位与社会评价地位一致或更高时,个体则更有可能认为自己所得到的社会资源是公平的。基于上述命题,本文进一步提出研究假设,相对于主观阶层地位达到或高于其职业声望者,主观阶层地位低于其职业声望的人更倾向于认为自己的收入是不公平的。对2006年中国综合社会调查(CGSS2006)数据的分析结果较有力地支持了这一研究假设;研究结果表明,本文所提出的理论命题比基于理性选择的自利理论更好地解释了为什么社会成员,尤其是社会经济地位较低者,依然会认为自己的收入是公平的。