The Presidio Trust legislation: preservation or privatization?

This analysis of the Presidio Trust legislation places the recent developments on the Presidio in the context of a century and a half of environmental planning. By first exploring the Presidio's history, and then tracing the more recent legislative background to the Presidio Trust, the author establishes a clear frame through which to explore the current challenges that face the Presidio Trust. This paper argues that history, legislative intent, and specific legal precedent will protect the Presidio from being "sold off," despite growing local concerns that the Presidio Trust's mandate to become financially self-sufficient within 15 years may drive the public's interests from the park. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

生态工业园：工业发展的必然趋势

生态工业园是工业园发展的高级形式,文章论证了二者的关系及生态工业园产生的历史原因,全面地介绍了中外生态工业园建设现状,并从宏观、微观层面进行了比较分析。     

Effects of dog leash laws and habitat type on avian and small mammal communities in urban parks

Remnant natural areas within urban settings can act as important refuges for wildlife, substantially increasing local biodiversity. However, habitat suitability for these species is potentially affected by human recreational activities including the presence of free-running dogs. To compare the diversity and abundance of songbird and small mammal communities between areas with bylaws that require, or do not require, dogs to be leashed, point counts and live-trapping surveys were conducted in three habitat types (deciduous, coniferous, and meadow) in the river valley parks of Edmonton, Alberta. Among birds, there was no difference between areas with different leashing bylaws in species diversity for any of the three habitat types. Similarly, there was no difference in bird diversity for a subset of species that were plausibly breeding at these sites. However, higher bird diversity was recorded in deciduous and coniferous sites than in meadow sites, regardless of leash designation, probably as a function of the horticultural practice of mowing meadows. Among both birds and small mammals, there was no difference in the abundance of individuals as a function of leashing bylaws. Our results suggest that off-leash dogs have no effect on the diversity or abundance of birds and small mammals in urban parks, but it is also possible that other factors, such as leash law compliance, reduced or obscured the effects of off-leash dogs in this study.     

论产业集群与工业园区的比较及其良性互动

产业集群和工业园区是推进新型工业化的两个重要载体,但产业集群和工业园区一般都存在各自的优、缺点,既有个性又有共性,对企业发展和区域经济发展的影响有一定差别。因此如何综合二者优点,明了二者的内在联系,并促进彼此的良性互动,从而为新型工业化找到一条更加科学的途径,就具有较为明显的理论和应用价值。探讨这样一种一般性的互动模式,以期对湖南及其他区域的新型工业化历程具有一定指导意义。     

Effects of forest structure on the distribution of southern flying squirrels (Glaucomys volans) in urban parks

Although southern flying squirrels (Glaucomys volans) are present in many urban parks, squirrel-habitat relationships in such areas are poorly understood, limiting conservation efforts. Our objective was to quantify the effects of forest structure at multiple scales on flying squirrel distribution in New York City (NYC) parks. From 18 June–24 August 2001, we captured flying squirrels in 5 New York City parks and measured forest structure at the ground, shrub, understory, and overstory levels at trap sites. To examine the importance of forest structure to squirrels, we compared (1) habitat variables between trap stations where squirrels were captured and not captured and (2) habitat variables between parks with and without documented squirrel populations. Our data suggest that areas with forests containing smaller trees at higher densities, dense woody ground cover, and little herbaceous ground vegetation may not provide the food, cavities, ease of movement, or allow predator detection necessary to be used by or support flying squirrel populations. Other factors, such as the size and density of stumps and snags may be important to non-urban squirrel populations, but not populations in NYC parks. Because NYC parks contain almost all of the remaining woodlands within the City, forests within these areas should be a conservation priority.     

中国国家公园保护制度体系构建研究

在研究国家公园体制顶层设计文件的基础上,借鉴国外国家公园保护管理制度经验,结合我国国家公园保护的实际需要和发展阶段,提出建立以统一分级管理、国家评估设立、自然资源资产管理、严格生态保护、资源利用监管、社区共建共管、全民参与共享、资金投入保障等8个关键制度为核心的中国国家公园保护制度体系框架。经梳理国内研究进展和10个国家公园体制试点试验成果,初步明确各项制度的基本要点和关键任务,分析目前我国国家公园建设过程中所面临的主要挑战,提出还需深入研究的问题和相应建议,为构建具有中国特色的国家公园体制奠定基础。     

新洲区农业产业园发展的前瞻性思考

发展农业产业园区,应着眼于统筹城乡经济社会发展,加快全面建设农村小康步伐,建设和谐的社会主义新农村。目前,农业产业园区应充分显示“优质高效、绿色安全、旅游观光”的生态农业的发展前景。针对当前存在的突出矛盾和问题,按照科学发展观的要求,突出地方特色,调优调高产业结构。农业产业园的发展重点是在确保农产品质量的基础上,做好农业产品的营销和贸易。     

基于时滞效应的我国科技园区创新效率评价

从创新产出视角出发,将科技园区创新产出分解到三方面,科技产出、经济产出和社会产出.同时,考虑各项创新投入对创新产出具有一定的时滞效应作用,运用面板数据回归方法测度出各项创新投入对于各类创新产出的滞后阶数.通过研究发现大多科技类指标对科技产出影响较弱,而经济投入类指标的影响大且相对影响长远.虽然样本科技园区的科技投入随时间推移,其科技产出水平有提高趋势,尤其在第二年较为为明显,但考察不同样本科技园区的科技产出情况还可发现,大多数科技园区科技产出水平增幅相对于投入而言没有明显变化,其创新效率还有待进一步提高.     

National Park Policy and Wildlife Problems in Nepal and Bhutan

In this paper the National Park policies of the two Himalayan Kingdoms of Nepal and Bhutan are put in a complementary perspective. It aims at investigating the effects of national parks, established by initiatives based on a global discourse having evolved from economically developed countries, on food sufficiency and economic security of the people living in these protected areas. The history and socio-economic perspectives of these policies in general and recently emerging wildlife problems in particular are highlighted. The administrative and financial capacities of both countries turn out not to be adequate to meet emerging stress in the sphere of protecting nature, and wildlife in particular. To meet the goal of integrating prospects of human survival and the conservation of habitats for rare plants and animals locally accepted and appropriate ways of management have to be developed. The management of protected areas in Nepal and Bhutan shows a rather poor capacity or a low degree of acceptance on the side of government administration. The daily life of farmers in protected areas is threatened either by policing or abundance of wildlife and inadequate measures to assist the local population to overcome the shortcomings of nature conservation administration. Compensation schemes for wildlife damages, for instance, could be a helpful instrument to meet ambitious schemes to protect nature and relief the local population in remote areas of least developed countries, where means to make a living from other than subsistence farming are not easily available.     

Just deliberation: Can communicative rationality support socially just environmental conservation in rural Africa?

This article evaluates the use of deliberative methods for filling the democratic deficit arising from the shift to management through partnerships in conservation in developing countries. We ask whether deliberative approaches are feasible in a rural African context and the extent to which they can form a basis for socially just environmental decision making. In answering these questions we focus on two main concerns: the possibility of achieving satisfactory representation and the possibility of constructing counter-factual spaces of deliberation in which identity-based bias is suspended in favour of reasoned argument. Our survey data suggests that participants are themselves satisfied that representation is fair, and that the consensus attained at the end of deliberative events is not the result of domination of more powerful interests. Nevertheless, our more qualitative observations of individuals involved in deliberative events provide stronger cause for caution. It is not possible to leave power and prejudice out of deliberative processes, though well managed spaces of deliberation can temporarily mitigate these and in doing so provide some empowerment to normally marginalised participants.