汉英平行语料库双语语义对应空位研究

双语词语语义对应空位现象是英汉互译的常见障碍。在建立英汉平行语料库的过程中,这也是无法回避的问题。本文拟总结目前已建成的一些语料库处理这一问题的习惯方式,并在此基础上借鉴机器翻译研究领域的理论成果,试图做出更加细致的分析并提出更加可行的解决方案。     

语言构式的部分能产性问题再探——汉语“很+NP”构式的认知解释

汉语中"很+NP"结构是一个典型的高程度性状义构式。构式的部分能产性基于范畴属性的归纳,其认知机制是非范畴化的。某个具体名词一旦进入"很+NP"构式,这个名词的意义就会遵循它所嵌入的构式的意义,条件是该名词具有可被激活的表示程度性状义的语义因子。构式指示语义类型、构式强制提供了词汇项产生语义类型转变的条件,以保证相应的语义因子获得合适的论元。进入"很+NP"构式的名词都含有该构式所在的具体语境的语义因子,整个过程是以认知语言学的凸显原则为基础的。     

C_n(1≤n<ω)及C_ω中的否定

在对当关系逻辑中,命题A与命题△A之间是一种下反对关系。在弗协调逻辑系统中,我们通过定义一个一元连接词●,可以证明,在对当关系逻辑中算子△所具有的性质,在弗协调逻辑中其否定﹁也都具有这些性质,从而得出,弗协调逻辑中的否定﹁是一种特殊的下反对关系算子。     

否定焦点的确定与歧义的消除

英语中的一般否定由于各种原因往往在形式和意义上出现不一致的现象,常常导致理解上的歧义。因为这种结构可能只是形式上的一般否定,实质上已经发生了否定转移,即用作了对句中某一成份进行否定的特指否定。因此,正确把握否定焦点对于消除否定歧义,保持交际的顺利进行至关重要。通过典型例句分析,探讨了发生否定转移的原因,提出了确定否定焦点消除歧义的办法。     

Parameter Estimation for a Bidimensional Partially Observed Ornstein–Uhlenbeck Process with Biological Application

Abstract. We consider a bidimensional Ornstein–Uhlenbeck process to describe the tissue microvascularization in anti‐cancer therapy. Data are discrete, partial and noisy observations of this stochastic differential equation (SDE). Our aim is to estimate the SDE parameters. We use the main advantage of a one‐dimensional observation to obtain an easy way to compute the exact likelihood using the Kalman filter recursion, which allows to implement an easy numerical maximization of the likelihood. Furthermore, we establish the link between the observations and an ARMA process and we deduce the asymptotic properties of the maximum likelihood estimator. We show that this ARMA property can be generalized to a higher dimensional underlying Ornstein–Uhlenbeck diffusion. We compare this estimator with the one obtained by the well‐known expectation maximization algorithm on simulated data. Our estimation methods can be directly applied to other biological contexts such as drug pharmacokinetics or hormone secretions.     

根本之守与应时之变——鸦片战争后失事官员责任追究透视

鸦片战争结束后,清王朝并无我们期待的深刻反思。他们所进行的善后工作中一项重要的内容是战败责任追究,这包括道德拷问和法律责任追究两方面,这两者是王朝要坚守的根本。但承担责任的地方官员,对一场力量悬殊的中外战争中职守责任的理解与朝廷存在差异,同时他们更关注如何应对战后外部的压力和复杂的局面,要求朝廷能做一些变通。根本之守与应时之变的分歧构成战后政治变动的内在张力,并预示着整个晚清政局的走向。     

中国法语境下的并存债务承担制度

鉴于并存债务承担制度在立法及理论研究上的缺憾,文章对该制度进行系统研究。正确理解并存债务承担制度,必须考虑到我国特定的学术与立法背景。文章分析了并存债务承担制度的内涵与外延,并通过对《合同法》第84条的解释论分析,认为并存债务承担并不包含在“部分移转”之中,我国立法并未承认并存债务承担制度,存在立法漏洞。文章突出债务承担合同的中心地位,并以此为基础讨论并存债务承担中履行障碍的解决机制。      

Best Nonparametric Bounds on Demand Responses

This paper uses revealed preference inequalities to provide the tightest possible (best) nonparametric bounds on predicted consumer responses to price changes using consumer‐level data over a finite set of relative price changes. These responses are allowed to vary nonparametrically across the income distribution. This is achieved by combining the theory of revealed preference with the semiparametric estimation of consumer expansion paths (Engel curves). We label these expansion path based bounds on demand responses as E‐bounds. Deviations from revealed preference restrictions are measured by preference perturbations which are shown to usefully characterize taste change and to provide a stochastic environment within which violations of revealed preference inequalities can be assessed.     

How long is the queuing for public childcare facilities in Korea? An empirical analysis of Korean households' childcare mode choice with the limited availability of public childcare facilities

This paper empirically investigates Korean households' choice of childcare mode using the Korean Childcare Users Survey (2012). A multivariate logit model with partial observability (hereafter, PO‐logit model) is employed to address the issue of Korean households' demand for public childcare facilities exceeding capacity limits. Our estimation result rejects the hypothesis of no queueing at conventional significance levels to advocate use of the PO‐logit model in explaining Korean households' childcare choices. We decompose choice probabilities of public childcare facilities to estimate the size of queuing. Our results imply that 31.8% of parents preferring public childcare facility are forced to choose other childcare modes due to capacity limit.     

Sparse Approximations of Fractional Matérn Fields

We consider fast lattice approximation methods for a solution of a certain stochastic non‐local pseudodifferential operator equation. This equation defines a Matérn class random field. We approximate the pseudodifferential operator with truncated Taylor expansion, spectral domain error functional minimization and rounding approximations. This allows us to construct Gaussian Markov random field approximations. We construct lattice approximations with finite‐difference methods. We show that the solutions can be constructed with overdetermined systems of stochastic matrix equations with sparse matrices, and we solve the system of equations with a sparse Cholesky decomposition. We consider convergence of the truncated Taylor approximation by studying band‐limited Matérn fields. We consider the convergence of the discrete approximations to the continuous limits. Finally, we study numerically the accuracy of different approximation methods with an interpolation problem.