Early-life mortality clustering in families: A literature review

Research on early-life mortality in contemporary and historical populations has shown that infant and child mortality tend to cluster in a limited number of high-mortality families, a phenomenon known as ‘mortality clustering’. This paper is the first to review the literature on the role of the family in early-life mortality. Contemporary results, methodological and theoretical shortfalls, recent developments, and opportunities for future research are all discussed in this review. Four methodological approaches are distinguished: those based on sibling deaths, mother heterogeneity, thresholds, and excess deaths in populations. It has become clear from research to date that the death of an older child harms the survival chances of younger children in that family, and that fertility behaviour, earlier stillbirths, remarriages, and socio-economic status all explain mortality clustering to some extent.     

How moral disengagement facilitates the detention of refugee children and families

Refugee children and families are a vulnerable demographic with the propensity to disrupt entrenched disparaging perceptions about immigrants. This project investigates how institutionalised moral disengagement practices [Bandura, Albert. 2002. “Selective Moral Disengagement in the Exercise of Moral Agency.” Journal of Moral Education 31: 101–119] at family detention centres facilitate the apprehension and confinement of children and families seeking asylum. Interviews with former volunteers and an analysis of news reports describing conditions at these centres reveal that moral disengagement plays a pivotal role in rationalising detention, while also enabling restrictive immigration policies and mass deportations. This occurs through the criminalisation of immigrants, suppressing details about residential conditions, and a quota capacity model. Findings are contextualised with regard to recent immigration legislations.     

Im/mobile highly skilled migrants in Qatar*

Most studies on the mobility of highly skilled migrants have been examined with a framework of global talent mobility and under conditions of neoliberal governance and economic globalization. In this study we challenge the notion of the hypermobile knowledge worker. Utilizing mixed methods, we examine the factors that attracted highly skilled migrants to Qatar and the conditions under which they might leave in the future. Rather than finding a group of footloose migrants attracted primarily to high-wage jobs, a lack of taxation or amenities, and with multiple alternative locations of residence, we find that highly skilled migrants exist on a spectrum of immobility. More significantly, this immobility depends on the migrant’s region of origin. For Asian and Western migrants immobility is attributed to the Kafala system or employer sponsorship, which hinders occupational and spatial mobility and ties workers to their sponsors. Arab highly skilled migrants are especially affected by lack of security and stability in their home countries, which makes these workers involuntarily immobile. The former group seem to be willing to accept a reduced level of agency and mobility for high income, whereas for the latter security and stability are more fundamental to their decision to come to Qatar.     

Critical Infrastructure Vulnerability to Spatially Localized Failures with Applications to Chinese Railway System

This article studies a general type of initiating events in critical infrastructures, called spatially localized failures (SLFs), which are defined as the failure of a set of infrastructure components distributed in a spatially localized area due to damage sustained, while other components outside the area do not directly fail. These failures can be regarded as a special type of intentional attack, such as bomb or explosive assault, or a generalized modeling of the impact of localized natural hazards on large‐scale systems. This article introduces three SLFs models: node centered SLFs, district‐based SLFs, and circle‐shaped SLFs, and proposes a SLFs‐induced vulnerability analysis method from three aspects: identification of critical locations, comparisons of infrastructure vulnerability to random failures, topologically localized failures and SLFs, and quantification of infrastructure information value. The proposed SLFs‐induced vulnerability analysis method is finally applied to the Chinese railway system and can be also easily adapted to analyze other critical infrastructures for valuable protection suggestions.     

数字经济发展的评估指标体系研究——基于投入产出视角

发展数字经济是我国重要国策,对其评估指标体系的研究受到多方关注,但目前我国数字经济测度仅仅局限于数字化产业和数字化创新,尚未形成一个完整、系统的数字经济评价指标体系。文章在引入治理环境的基础上,基于经济学上的投入产出视角探讨我国数字经济发展的有效测度方法,在研究数字经济的发展效应中新添了数字化治理和数字知识型人才供给两项指标,构建了一套基于投入产出视角的数字经济发展评价指标体系,为衡量数字经济发展提供了一个系统的体系。为提升数字治理现代化水平,更好发挥数字经济在促进经济高质量发展中的作用提供了实践意义和政策参考。     

基于学科竞赛的创新创业教育体系的构建

在简要概述学科竞赛对培养创新创业人才的重要作用的基础上,从建立学科竞赛体系、竞赛团队、课程体系、工程实训体系、组织管理体系、考核评价体系等六个方面,阐述了我校基于学科竞赛构建创新创业教育体系的一些具体方法和措施。通过把学科竞赛纳入正常教学计划,形成较为完整的创新创业教育体系和良好的教育教学秩序,为创新创业人才培养提供了有力保障。     

机械基础创新实验教学体系研究

机械基础系列课程在培养机械类专业学生工程实践能力和创新设计能力等方面起着十分重要的作用.文章讨论了机械基础创新实验教学体系的基本内容:创新实验教学思想观念、创新实验教学目标、创新实验教学内容、创新实验教学方法与手段、创新实验教学评价和创新实验教学管理等六个方面.旨在创建以创新实验教学思想为指导,以机械分析与综合为基础,以机构运动方案设计为主线,以提高机械类学生的分析能力、综合能力和创新设计能力为目标的实验教学新体系.     

浅析中国古代行政监督制度

我国古代的行政监督制度,创始于秦汉,发展于唐宋,强化于明清,建制周密,历史悠久。追溯历史长河,通观封建社会两千多年的监察监督历史,历代封建君主皆极其重视监察制度的创建和对官员的监督。     

信息化环境下审计内容与技术方法探讨

随着被审计单位各种信息系统的应用和会计信息化环境的逐渐形成,审计的内容与技术方法也发生了巨大的变化,审计内容转变为会计信息系统安全性审计和电子财务数据准确性审计两个方面。对会计系统安全性审计主要包括物理安全、技术安全和组织与管理安全几个方面;对电子财务数据准确性的审计一般分为数据采集、转换、清理与分析四个阶段。这些技术方法既有传统审计技术方法在信息化环境下的延伸,也有各种特定的IT审计技术。从长远上看,以智能审计专家知识库等IT审计技术将成为信息化环境下审计技术方法的未来发展趋势,对其方法进行研究具有很大的理论价值和现实意义。     

我国审前羁押体制改革的方案与论证

关于我国目前审前羁押体制的改革 ,学者们提出司法审查式、检察监督式和独立式等几种改革方案。对第三种方案 ,应进行进一步的实施设计 ,如目前的看守所应逐步地剥离出来归司法行政部门 ,应加强检察机关的审查职能及相应的羁押登记和讯问监督制度。这样的改革从羁押制度本身的发展规律、司法行政机关本身的发展以及我国目前的司法环境等方面考虑应当说是可行的。这种改革将可以进一步促进整个羁押活动的合理化与专业化 ,将进一步优化国家权力配置 ,将会进一步提高刑事诉讼的效率 ,也必将极大程度上保障被羁押者的人权。