“九一八”事变后日本攫取中国东北铁路权探析

“九一八”事变前，中国东北铁路已经发展到一定规模。事变后，关东军和满铁勾结，合谋东北路权。他们以各种手段霸占了既成铁路和拟建铁路的所有权，又想方设法夺取铁路经营权。日本在掠夺式经营和修建新铁路的过程中，榨取东北人民的血汗，搜刮东北丰富的资源，并最终形成了覆盖中国东北的铁路网。日本夺取东北铁路权，给当地社会的自然发展过程造成极大冲击，加速了畸形化的进程。     

A practical model for last train rescheduling with train delay in urban railway transit networks

Last train timetable rescheduling aims at coordinating the arrival and departure times of feeder trains with connecting trains at transfer stations to eliminate the effect of unexpected incidents in train operations. It has become a challenging problem in the operations and management of urban railway transit networks because of high complexities in coordination among lines. In this paper, we propose a rescheduling model for last trains with the consideration of train delays caused by incidents that occurred in train operations. In the model, two aspects are considered. On one hand, we try to minimize the running time and the dwell time, and to maximize the average transfer redundant time and the network accessibility. On the other hand, we expect to minimize the difference between the original timetable and the rescheduled one. A genetic algorithm is developed to solve this problem. The case study of Beijing railway transit network shows that once a delay occurs in a section, the most effective way to adjust the timetable consists of adjusting the running time of trains that have strong transfer relationships with the delay section. If the delay is not substantially long, the suggested model would neutralize the influence of the delay.     

民国元年孙中山的铁路设计与宣传

民国元年是孙中山铁路建设思想发展的重要之年。在辞去临时大总统后一年左右的时间里，他专心致力于发展实业尤其是铁路事业，不仅广泛宣传铁路的重要性，而且担当重任，积极筹划铁路建设。但由于当时困难重重，他的方案遭到很多质疑，并引起广泛的争论。这些争论进发出的理性之光对当时我国铁路认知的完善和成熟有积极作用。     

客车行业生产效率变动趋势研究

适应WTO规则要求的关税改革进程大大影响了中国公共交通运输工具生产企业的效率。文章运用Malmquist指数理论研究了1997～2005年中国客车类上市公司纯技术效率、规模效率、技术进步率等分解指标的变化。结果表明,面对国外厂商的冲击,中国客车企业的发展高于人们的预期,在激烈的竞争中保持住了竞争优势,并实现了一定程度的生产率提高,但因受发展环境的限制,提高速度低于国民经济增长速度。     

A Probabilistic Transmission Model to Assess Infection Risk from Mycobacterium Tuberculosis in Commercial Passenger Trains

The objective of this article is to characterize the risk of infection from airborne Mycobacterium tuberculosis bacilli exposure in commercial passenger trains based on a risk‐based probabilistic transmission modeling. We investigated the tuberculosis (TB) infection risks among commercial passengers by inhaled aerosol M. tuberculosis bacilli and quantify the patterns of TB transmission in Taiwan High Speed Rail (THSR). A deterministic Wells‐Riley mathematical model was used to account for the probability of infection risk from M. tuberculosis bacilli by linking the cough‐generated aerosol M. tuberculosis bacilli concentration and particle size distribution. We found that (i) the quantum generation rate of TB was estimated with a lognormal distribution of geometric mean (GM) of 54.29 and geometric standard deviation (GSD) of 3.05 quantum/h at particle size ≤ 5 μm and (ii) the basic reproduction numbers (R₀) were estimated to be 0.69 (0.06–6.79), 2.82 (0.32–20.97), and 2.31 (0.25–17.69) for business, standard, and nonreserved cabins, respectively. The results indicate that commercial passengers taking standard and nonreserved cabins had higher transmission risk than those in business cabins based on conservatism. Our results also reveal that even a brief exposure, as in the bronchoscopy cases, can also result in a transmission when the quantum generation rate is high. This study could contribute to a better understanding of the dynamics of TB transmission in commercial passenger trains by assessing the relationship between TB infectiousness, passenger mobility, and key model parameters such as seat occupancy, ventilation rate, and exposure duration.     

航班延误的应对机理及制度形塑

航班延误是困扰民航运输领域的长久难题。航班延误补救困境产生的原因主要包括国有航空公司未转变垄断经营者的角色、航空公司与旅客之间的信息不对称以及延误信息未及时传递给旅客。其应对机理在于,以旅客权利为本位,构建航空公司和旅客之间互动式的多元和谐关怀。航班延误的制度形塑具体包括规范航班延误的补偿标准、引入航班延误险的责任分担机制、完善综合应对措施以及引入权威的裁决机构和纠纷速裁机制。     

城市扩张背景下的地铁商业发展研究

地铁商业是城市化过程中，随着地铁这一交通工具的兴起而出现的一种新兴商业。地铁商业的发育成长及发展不同于地面商业形态，有它自身的特点和规律，只有充分地重视和认识这种特殊性，才能有效地培育和推进地铁商业的发展，也才能充分发挥城市地铁的功能和作用。那么，地铁商业是如何起源。的？其发展定位是什么？有哪些特点？影响地铁商业发展的因素有哪些？地铁商业的发展有哪些规律？世界其他知名城市的地铁商业发展有哪些模式和经验启示？文章对此进行了探讨。     

工科院校强化大学生人文素养培育的思考

以现有的高速铁路列车运行图资料为基础，通过对京沪线、武广线两条长大干线和京津、沪宁、沪杭三条城际客专的列车运行图结构特征及其在时间轴上的分布进行统计分析，说明列车的速度等级、停站情况、A、B类列车的开行比例以及旅客列车在时间轴上的分布特征，分析了列车出发间隔时间服从的分布规律，对高速铁路通过能力计算方法以及客运产品设计提出了新要求。     

铁路运输经济的若干问题

近年，中国铁路铁路的快速发展，取得了很多成就，引起国内外的广泛关注。但同时我们也应看到，铁路企业经营效益不容乐观。资产负债率逐年攀升，货运量大幅递减，市场份额不断下降。在铁路建设加快发展的同时，铁路运输经济出现了哪些亟待解决的问题，需要进行深入的探讨和研究。主要问题包括铁路投资经营问题、铁路运输市场问题、铁路运价管理问题、铁路收入清算问题、铁路人才队伍问题。     

铁路客运分段能力配置策略研究

铁路客运分段能力配置策略能够针对季节客流特征,在春节等节假日客运需求非常巨大、平时客流明显减少的情况下,最大程度地满足旅客出行需求。基于线性回归方程的铁路客运需求预测模型,能够科学合理、有效地配置客运能力。运用MATLAB软件,结合南京站旅客运输数据,通过实证分析研究,验证优化模型在阶段性运能配置方面的期望效应。