“边缘农民”生存状态的经济学分析

“边缘农民”是中国现代化进程中产生的颇为独特的社会阶层。其又可进一步分为两个亚社会阶层:(1)生存状态令人欣慰的“边缘农民A”;(2)生存状态令人揪心的“边缘农民B”。本文着重探究了“边缘农民”尤其是“边缘农民B”产生的社会机理,并依据中国农民在现代化进程沐浴更多的社会公正之光这一宗旨,设计了相应的对策。     

Emergence of Mands and Tacts of Novel Objects among Preschool Children

According to Skinner''s (1957) analysis of verbal behavior, the mand and the tact are functionally independent verbal operants, each of which is acquired through a unique history of reinforcement. The present study attempted to replicate the findings of Lamarre and Holland (1985), who empirically demonstrated functional independence of mands and tacts in typically developing preschool children. Five children participated. All were initially trained to complete two 4-piece assembly tasks. Four children were then trained to tact the four pieces that comprised one of the assembly tasks, and to mand for the four pieces that comprised the other task, using arbitrary vocal response forms. The remaining child received tact training only, and only on one task. The effects of training on the untrained operant were evaluated in a multiple-probe design across tasks. Following mand training, 4 out of 4 children reliably emitted tacts under testing conditions, while the effects of tact training differed across participants. The results differ from those of Lamarre and Holland, but are not necessarily surprising from the point of view of either Skinner''s analysis or more recent behavioral accounts of language. Future research should attempt to identify variables that affect transfer between mand and tact relations.     

Growing up in the Divorced Family

Stressful parent–child relationships in the post-divorce family together with the enduring effects of the troubled marriage and breakup lead to the acute anxieties about love and commitment that many children of divorce bring to relationships in their adult years. Findings from a 25-year study of 131 children call for a paradigmatic change in our theoretical understanding and in our interventions with these youngsters as children and as adults. Revised clinical and educational strategies with parents and children are proposed. Judith S. Wallerstein holds a Masters Degree in Social Work, a PhD in Psychology, and training in Child Psychoanalysis. Her research on the effects of divorce on children is known nationally and internationally. Her four best selling books have been translated into more than 10 languages. She is Founder of the Judith Wallerstein Center for the Family in Transition, a non-profit research, counseling, and educational center in Northern California. She is Senior Lecturer Emerita at the University of California at Berkeley School of Social Welfare, where she taught clinical courses on children and families for 26 years.     

Union Stability and Stepfamily Fertility in Austria,Finland, France &; West Germany

In this paper, we test the hypothesis that unique effects of stepfamily composition on union fertility are confounded with differences between stepfamilies and couples without stepchildren in the risk of union disruption. We use birth and union histories from Fertility and Family Surveys in Austria, Finland, France and West Germany. The risks of a union birth and separation are modeled simultaneously, allowing for the potential effects of unobserved predispositions to have a child or to separate on the other event. We test hypotheses drawn from the value of first and second shared births to couples: Net of the couple’s combined parity, the birth risk will be greater if the child is (a) the first in a union, (b) the first biological child for one of the partners, or (c) the second child in a union.Henz, U. et Thomson, E., 2005. Stabilité des unions et fécondité des familles recomposées en Autriche, Finlande, France et Allemagne de l’ouest, Revue Européenne de Démographie, 21: 3–29.     

Physical and Mental Health of Contemporary Chinese Children

Substantial resources and new policies have been directed toward improving the physical and mental health of Chinese children. The report documents progress and topics of concern in the following areas: physical growth, obesity and nutrition, sexuality knowledge, attitudes, and behavior, mental health, character, sources of stress and their impact on motivation and aesthetic interests, and the importance of mental health education.     

世界视野中的求子习俗

求子习俗在世界上很普遍,可以分为四种类型。妇女们用求子习俗来否定现实生活中成年男子的生殖能力,但多生多育又是男子们创造能力的最基本的表现形式。子女是多种观念的象征,也是人们延续家族和个人历史的重要手段。     

Forging the links: (de)constructing chains of behaviours

This paper will discuss an article by Becker and French (2005) in this Journal which proposed the general acceptance of correlations or the ‘links’ between child abuse, animal abuse and domestic violence. Becker and French claim this topic has ‘seen a growth of interest’ (p. 399) over the past two decades and they suggest that organizations across the UK should ‘institutionalize the “links” within policy and practice’ (p. 410). In this paper we question the appropriateness of linking different forms of violence in such a mechanistic and predictive way by drawing on and extending arguments we have made elsewhere. We consider the proposed ‘links’ in terms of assumptions, de?nitions, methods and logic, and raise concerns for a prospective practice which is based on retrospective (and ?awed) research. We aim to appeal to in?uential doubters (social workers, child care workers, animal welfare workers, vets, educators and policy‐makers) in a language of ‘reason’, and we propose that the identi?ed reluctance of professionals in the UK to adopt the rhetoric of ‘links’ can be viewed as an informed and re?ective response. Throughout, we offer a corrective commentary to the ?awed assumptions of the ‘links’ argument and seek to encourage others to remain sceptical about these claims and the suggested implications for practice. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Chinese Children's Changing Family and School Environments

As a result of modernization, major changes are taking place in children's social relationships. Children are beginning to view their parents more as friends and colleagues rather than powerful authority figures. Parents are realizing that their children face a new, uncharted future and are more inclined to consider their children's point of view. The generation gap is viewed as evidence of social progress. Children and parents are growing into the future together. Increased pressure from economic development results in increasing demands on the educational system. Private schools, some of which are very costly, are on the rise. The entire educational system, including laws governing schools, student-teacher relations, and expectations about goals for educational quality are being revised.     

How American Children Spend Their Time

The purpose of this article is to examine how American children under age 13 spend their time, sources of variation in time use, and associations with achievement and behavior. Data come from the 1997 Child Development Supplement to the Panel Study of Income Dynamics. The results suggest that parents' characteristics and decisions regarding marriage, family size, and employment affect the time children spend in educational, structured, and family activities, which may affect their school achievement. Learning activities such as reading for pleasure are associated with higher achievement, as is structured time spent playing sports and in social activities. Family time spent at meals and time spent sleeping are linked to fewer behavior problems, as measured by the child's score on the Behavior Problems Index. The results support common language and myth about the optimal use of time for child development.     

皮亚杰对儿童语言发展研究的贡献 --兼论《儿童语言与思维》的历史地位

从皮亚杰<儿童语言与思维>(1923)发表以来,他的"儿童语言"思想对儿童语言发展研究产生了重大影响.特别是在儿童语言实验的"临床法"、儿童间交流、语言起源的个体发生学探索方面,皮亚杰对儿童语言发展研究的贡献尤其突出.皮亚杰语言理论对我们今天的儿童语言发展研究仍具有指导和启发意义.