Neural Network Expert System Approach for Analog Circuits Fault Diagnosis

提出了一种用于模拟电路故障诊断的神经网络专家系统（ＮＮＥＳ）方法。利用神经网络、专家系统两种技术的互补性，采用紧密耦合的ＮＮＥＳ方法实现模拟电路的故障诊断。同时给出并讨论了该方法的一般结构。实验结果说明了这一方法是可行、有效的。     

Effect of Pediatric Influenza on Caregivers’ Burden—A Literature Review

Influenza, or the flu, is a common and potentially serious infection that disproportionally affects children with more than 20,000 yearly hospitalizations in children under the age of 5. A literature review of the caregiver burden associated with pediatric influenza was conducted. Two main types of burdens were identified: economic and noneconomic. Flu treatment costs $3,990 for pediatric inpatients services and $730 for emergency department (ED) pediatric patients. Caregivers may also face out-of-pocket costs ($178 for inpatients, $125 for ED patients, and $52 for outpatients) or those not covered by health insurance. Caregivers can also face indirect costs while caring for their children with the flu. Indirect costs were common, and 75% of pediatric caregivers reported these costs when caring for a sick child. Missed work is the most common indirect cost and is estimated as high as 73 work hours ($1,456) missed while caring for a sick child. Other costs associated with pediatric influenza included noneconomic burden: sudden changes in daily life, loss of leisure time, social disruption, and psychological impact or stress. Noneconomic burdens were also found to be significant and lowered the quality of life of caregivers even after the child’s illness. Socioeconomic status is an important predictor of influenza rates. Residents in high-poverty areas are three times more likely to have hospitalizations due to pediatric influenza than those in low-poverty areas. From the literature it is evident that pediatric influenza has demonstrated a considerable impact on caregivers’ lives both financially and in other aspects.     

What Pediatric Subspecialists Need to Know About Sexual and Reproductive Health: A Review of the American Board of Pediatrics Content Outlines for Subspecialty Certifying Examinations

ABSTRACT

Many adolescents with complex medical conditions regard their subspecialty providers as an important source of clinical information including sexual and reproductive health information related to their medical condition. Thus, training for pediatric subspecialty providers should include clinically relevant sexual and reproductive content. The purpose of this study is to understand what disease-relevant sexual and reproductive health information is currently included in content outlines for each of the available pediatric subspecialty certifying examinations. The American Board of Pediatrics (ABP) offers 17 subspecialty certifying examinations; 13 content outlines are available on the ABP website which defines the body of knowledge to be tested. Each available outline underwent content analysis for sexual and reproductive health information. A team of adolescent medicine physicians identified seven thematic areas including: 1) puberty; 2) sexual behavior and identity; 3) fertility; 4) contraception; 5) sexually transmitted infections; 6) other genital pathology; 7) pregnancy. Across disciplines, learning objectives related to sexual behavior, sexual identity, fertility, contraception and pregnancy were the most limited. However, content related to puberty, sexually transmitted infections and other genital pathology was better represented. Overall, disease-and treatment-specific sexual and reproductive health information was sparse. Most subspecialty content outlines contain very little disease-specific sexual and reproductive health information despite the growing adolescent and young adult population with complex medical conditions in the care of pediatric subspecialists. Further studies are needed to explore if lack of sexual and reproductive information on board exams relates to the knowledge base and skill set of pediatric subspecialists.     

Children's Emotional Responses to a Paediatric Hospital Atrium

This paper illuminates children's emotional responses to an atrium in a contemporary Canadian paediatric hospital. It draws on a focused analysis of data elicited in a qualitative study that explored patients' perspectives on the design and architecture of the atrium. Children were involved in all phases of the project either as consultants on the research methods or participating in interviews and taking photographs of the space. The atrium consists of a main lobby with a high windowed ceiling, brightly coloured elevators with exposed mechanisms, information desks, a large fountain and food venues. Children expressed a range of emotions associated with the space. The findings demonstrate children's ability to identify multi‐faceted issues related to hospital design and affirm their rights to participate in decisions regarding spaces that purportedly are designed for them.     

The Therapeutic Misconception: A Threat to Valid Parental Consent for Pediatric Neuroimaging Research

Neuroimaging research has brought major advances to child health and well-being. However, because of the vulnerabilities associated with neurological and developmental conditions, the parental need for hope, and the expectation of parents that new medical advances can benefit their child, pediatric neuroimaging research presents significant challenges to the general problem of consent in the context of research involving children. A particular challenge in this domain is created by the presence of therapeutic misconception on the part of parents and other key research stakeholders. This article reviews the concept of therapeutic misconception and its role in pediatric neuroimaging research. It argues that this misconception can compromise consent given by parents for the involvement of their children in research as healthy controls or as persons with neurological and developmental conditions. The article further contends that therapeutic misconception can undermine the research ethics review process for proposed and ongoing neuroimaging studies. Against this backdrop, the article concludes with recommendations for mitigating the effects of therapeutic misconception in pediatric neuroimaging research.     

儿科教学多媒体课件设计与学习心理初探

多媒体课件设计是影响课件质量和教学效果的关键环节,各专业学科有其各自的特点。本文主要从认知心理学角度,对多媒体课件的总体设计、各种媒体的设计、界面的设计等方面进行了分析,提出了一些儿科教学课件制作的有效方式。     

"三光政策"的发明者——威廉·特库姆塞·谢尔曼

谢尔曼发展了“总体战”的思想,把摧毁敌方的经济资源同心理攻击结合起来,把恐怖作为战略工具。在“向海洋进军”中,其军队实行了烧光、抢光和毁光的“三光政策”,使南方经济遭到灭顶之灾。他提出了“用战争消灭战争”的辩证思想,要求用武力消灭奴隶制度,在战术上有高超的指挥艺术。内战后他为美国军队的职业化建设作出了贡献。     

Poverty and Pediatric Palliative Care: What Can We Do?

It has been recognized that families of children with life-limiting health conditions struggle with significant financial demands, yet may not have awareness of resources available to them. Additionally, health care providers may not be aware of the socioeconomic needs of families they care for. This article describes a mixed-methods study examining the content validity and utility for health care providers of a poverty screening tool and companion resource guide for the pediatric palliative care population. The study found high relevance and validity of the tool. Significant barriers to implementing the screening tool in clinical practice were described by participants, including: concerns regarding time required, roles and responsibilities, and discomfort in asking about income. Implications for practice and suggestions for improving the tool are discussed. Screening and attention to the social determinants of health lie within the scope of practice of all health care providers. Social workers can play a leadership role in this work.     

Unmet physical and mental healthcare needs of children with a history of familial homelessness and unstable housing

The objective of this paper is to examine whether children with a history of unstable housing, and more specifically homelessness, have unmet physical and mental healthcare needs. Further, this paper describes primary caregivers’ barriers to children’s healthcare. Data were collected from 6492 primary caregivers of children ages 0–17 years residing in five Dallas, Texas counties. Primary caregivers reported whether they previously experienced homelessness with their children, their children’s unmet mental and physical healthcare needs, and primary reasons for the unmet healthcare needs. Results suggest that children with a history of homelessness or unstable housing had increased odds of both mental and physical unmet healthcare needs. Prevention efforts should attempt to bridge resources for families who obtain housing but are still at increased risk for the long-term effects of homelessness exposure.