技术创新活动的系统维度及其宏观等级结构

人类的技术创新活动乃是一个合理映射着各类科技、经济、政治、文化、教育、自然、人力,物质和信息等多重自然与社会力量和因素的全息超级复杂巨系统。创新主体、创新客体、创新主客体中介、项目、市场、技术机会、科技成果、教育与培训、经济环境、法律环境、政策环境、文化环境、经济与政治体制环境、信息服务环境、自然资源环境、基础设施与条件、人口环境等则是构成技术创新活动域的17个系统维度。这17个系统维度又可以区分为三个等级层次:内核要素圈层、外围要素圈层、环境影响因素圈层。     

An Existential Approach to Risk Perception

Existential, or existential-phenomenological philosophical approaches to the social psychology of risk perception provide a novel framework for understanding issues that are common to all humanity, such as fear of death, freedom and responsibility, isolation and meaninglessness, as these anxieties are a function of existing, or being-in-the-world. These fundamental anxieties can be related theoretically to the ways people perceive risks within social and cultural milieus, and can also be used practically within case studies, as demonstrated in the three examples presented, which examine perceptions of climate change, food-related risks, and environmental awareness via a mixture of quantitative and qualitative techniques. The discussion focuses on the possible insights that can be gained from taking an existential perspective on risk perception, and relates notions of contemporary technologically-oriented societies to the existential challenges faced by individuals and societies in the contemporary world.     

Psychological taxing in Flemish municipalities

We analyse whether the psychological pricing in the private sector has a public sector counterpart in tax policy. Analysing the main theoretical arguments for the existence of price points, and applying them to the public sector, suggests that psychological taxing reveals itself by the use of non-0 ending tax rates. The tax rate endings of the local income taxes, which are set by 308 Flemish municipalities in the fiscal year 1998, suggests the presence of psychological taxing. Non-0 endings occur more frequently in municipalities where demand for public policy is more elastic (and where, therefore, the benefits to the politicians from setting a tax just below a tax point is higher). The pre-tax income inequality and the level of the tax rate positively affect psychological taxing. The latter effect is reinforced in those municipalities where the existing tax rate is above the average tax rate in neighbouring municipalities and below their neighbours’ minimum, although this effect has a limited effect and is offset the further below the minimum the tax is set.     

带中西文量纲演算与转换的符号演算系统

本文介绍作者在自己研制的一个集成化支撑环境支持下，采用公理化方法所开发出的又一个应用系统。在这个系统中，除了可以把古今外多种单位制转换为SI制，可以作多种单位间的量纲转换外，还可以对带中西文量钠的广义表达式作符号演算和数值计算，这是目前其他中外系统暂时都无法实现的功能。这个系统已集成到《推理与计算混合软件包》中。     

人类审美是怎样从无到有的--对新实践美学及实践美学的解析与提问

新实践美学和实践美学的审美发生理论都是以哲学方法取代科学实证方法,消解了哲学作为方法论的指导意义;都违反了辩证唯物主义立场,以意识性的哲学概念为物质性的审美发生的原点;都将现代人类的知觉混同于动物的知觉,不能解释为审美所必需的形式知觉力的发生和作用.认知科学美学认为:审美发生要以人类智能的高水平发展为物质基础;以现代人类特有的形式知觉力的形成为决定性的主体条件.审美情感、审美价值、审美属性都依据这一条件而发生.     

科学需要美感直觉

美是真理的光辉 ,美感直觉不仅对于艺术家 ,而且对于科学家都同样重要。事实上 ,对自然界中简洁、和谐、秩序美的坚信与追求曾无数次帮助科学家拨开遮挡真理之光的乌云     

价值重估的尺度──论五四人学思想及其现代意义

五四新文化运动是一场价值重估运动。五四新文化运动重估一切价值的尺度是什么？在这个问题上，中国学界一直缺乏必要的认识，因而导致了对新文化运动阐释的许多混乱。其实，五四新文化先驱者们的实践早已证明：人，是五四新文化运动的基本出发点和最终目的，也是重估一切价值的最高价值尺度。五四新文化运动的先驱者们用以比较和判断东西方文明优劣的价值标准不是别的，是个人的独立、自由和权利。这是新文化运动的基本态度，因此也决定了新文化运动的根本性质。正因为这样，新文化运动才在中国文化史上具有了划时代的意义。     

STTEPping in the right direction? Western classical music in an orchestral programme for disadvantaged African youth

This article looks at STTEP, an outreach project currently housed at the University of Pretoria, which concentrates on the teaching of western orchestral instruments, plus background areas such as music theory, to disadvantaged children and youth from a variety of townships around Pretoria, South Africa. STTEP’s direction can well be described as ‘right’ – pupils are already surrounded by all kinds of global phenomena, and their formal music studies in western classical music are not making them forget their roots. In fact, the contrary has been found to be the case and some interesting cultural fusions are already seen – always a sign of a living culture.     

北京便利商业的三维体系研究

在分析便利商业特征和北京便利商业现状及问题的基础上，提出将便利商业体系划分为三个维度：功能维、业态维、区址维，对三个维度的内涵进行了分析。     

Intuitive Toxicology: Expert and Lay Judgments of Chemical Risks

Human beings have always been intuitive toxicologists, relying on their senses of sight, taste, and smell to detect harmful or unsafe food, water, and air. As we have come to recognize that our senses are not adequate to assess the dangers inherent in exposure to a chemical substance, we have created the sciences of toxicology and risk assessment to perform this function. Yet despite this great effort to overcome the limitations of intuitive toxicology, it has become evident that even our best scientific methods still depend heavily on extrapolations and judgments in order to infer human health risks from animal data. Many observers have acknowledged the inherent subjectivity in the assessment of chemical risks and have indicated a need to examine the subjective or intuitive elements of expert and lay risk judgments. We have begun such an examination by surveying members of the Society of Toxicology and the lay public about basic toxicological concepts, assumptions, and interpretations. Our results demonstrate large differences between toxicologists and laypeople, as well as differences between toxicologists working in industry, academia, and government. In addition, we find that toxicologists are sharply divided in their opinions about the ability to predict a chemical's effect on human health on the basis of animal studies. We argue that these results place the problems of risk communication in a new light. Although the survey identifies misconceptions that experts should clarify for the public, it also suggests that controversies over chemical risks may be fueled as much by limitations of the science of risk assessment and disagreements among experts as by public misconceptions.