Two-stage phase II trials with early stopping for effectiveness and safety as well as ineffectiveness or harm

This article proposes new optimal and minimax designs, which allow early stopping not only for ineffectiveness or toxicity but also for sufficient effectiveness and safety. These designs may facilitate effective drug development by detecting sufficient effectiveness and safety at an early stage or by detecting ineffectiveness or excessive toxicity at an early stage. The proposed design has advantage over other designs in the sense that it can control the type I error rate and is robust against the real association parameter. Comparing to Jin's design, it is always advantageous in terms of expected sample size.     

Prediction of accrual closure date in multi-center clinical trials with discrete-time Poisson process models

In a phase III multi‐center cancer clinical trial or a large public health study, sample size is predetermined to achieve desired power, and study participants are enrolled from tens or hundreds of participating institutions. As the accrual is closing to the target size, the coordinating data center needs to project the accrual closure date on the basis of the observed accrual pattern and notify the participating sites several weeks in advance. In the past, projections were simply based on some crude assessment, and conservative measures were incorporated in order to achieve the target accrual size. This approach often resulted in excessive accrual size and subsequently unnecessary financial burden on the study sponsors. Here we proposed a discrete‐time Poisson process‐based method to estimate the accrual rate at time of projection and subsequently the trial closure date. To ensure that target size would be reached with high confidence, we also proposed a conservative method for the closure date projection. The proposed method was illustrated through the analysis of the accrual data of the National Surgical Adjuvant Breast and Bowel Project trial B‐38. The results showed that application of the proposed method could help to save considerable amount of expenditure in patient management without compromising the accrual goal in multi‐center clinical trials. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

临床X射线相衬成像研究进展

X射线相衬成像在提高人体软组织成像的衬度分辨率及空间分辨率研究中具有潜在优势,是一项有着广阔发展前景的技术。它利用空间相干X射线投过物体后携带的相位信息进行成像,在临床上适用于软组织物体,可以减少吸收剂量,进而减轻病人的辐射损伤。本文详述了当今几种典型的X射线相衬成像方法,包括X射线干涉相衬,衍射增强相衬以及类同轴相衬的成像原理以及发展历程。通过对比表明了几种成像方法的优缺点。最后对临床X射线相衬成像有待解决的问题作了分析。     

Using intersection matrices to identify graphical structure

Intersection matrices help identify the common graphical structure of two or more objects. They arise naturally in a variety of settings. Several examples of their use in a computer algebra environment are given. These include: simplifying an expression involving array products, automating cumulant calculations, determining the behaviour of an expected value operator and identifying model hierarchy in a factorial experiment. The emphasis is placed on the graphical structure, and the symmetry of arrays help reduce the complexity of the graphical problem.     

对称陀螺分子光谱中的几何相因子

导出了对称陀螺分子体系在演化过程中的 Berry和 Aharonov- Anandan相因子 ,这类相因子的存在 ,将影响分子的振动和转动能量 ,使光谱发生变化 .     

欧盟东扩的阶段划分及其对国际政治产生的影响

盟东扩使欧盟成为全世界最大的区域经济体和全球最大的自由贸易区,对当今世界政治经济格局也带来了极为重要的影响。文章首先将欧盟东扩的进程划分为两个阶段,然后分别对每一阶段进行了探讨,最后剖析了欧盟东扩对国际政治产生的影响。      

相控序列的阵列交织快速生成

相控序列为一种性能优越的新型伪随机序列,长为(2~n-1)~2的PC序列可通过(2~n-1)~2的GMW序列和与相控序列相伴的交错序列交织生成。通过移位产生有限域元素和计算迹函数构造PC序列,分别产生了长为9, 49, 225, 961, 3 969, 16 129的PC序列,并验证了其性质。采用该方法由计算机模拟生成六万多个长为961的PC序列,时间小于12 s。     

位相、势和AB效应

本文阐明在量子力学中基本的物理实在是势 .波函数的相位与动量的空间积累和能量的时间积累有关 .相位和势是重要物理量     

基于期间收益的企业并购谈判模型

借鉴协商和讨价还价理论,建立了企业并购谈判模型,利用博弈论工具对模型进行了求 解. 同时,针对一些并购谈判需要时间较长的现实情况,对目标企业在谈判期间具有期间收益 的并购谈判模型进行了一些初步的研究.