互动在认知建构中的定位

认知在互动过程中不断趋同,又不断分化与超越。互动使各种不同表征的认知系统相互作用,联结建构成具有差异的统一体。在互动过程中,互动个体的认知状态经历了＂初始建构者＂＂孤独建构者＂和＂社会建构者＂三个不同阶段。互动建构的知识并非都是真理。互动所形成的稳定语境,即具有排他性,也具有保护性。权力强加于社会,迫使个体参与权力规训的社会互动,使社会语境发生了根本性的改变,但有时权力无法抗拒原有社会语境从而默认原有社会语境的存在。     

美中西部大开发的异同

美中西部开发有很多不同之处 ,表现在内涵与性质、地理与历史条件、经济发展状况与经济背景、政治与文化传统、国际国内形势与时代背景等方面。两者的相似之处也有 ,却不是很多。     

英语学习中的英汉语言差异研究*

语言是文化的载体。每种语言都有其独特的表现形式，反映出不同的社会文化。外语学习者只有通晓所学语言的特殊性，并与自己的母语进行对比分析与研究，掌握两种语言的共通性和差异性，才能最大限度的摆脱母语影响，减少语用失误，从而在语言的学习和应用过程中做到得心应手。立足于对英汉语言的结构意识、外部形态、词性对照、表达习惯以及标点符号的功能分析，剖解其差异性，以期更好地指导英语教学和提高学生的学习效果。     

英汉礼貌用语的语用差异

受中西方文化差异的影响及不同的礼貌原则的指导，英汉两种语言虽有相对应的礼貌用语，包括招呼语、称谓语、请求语、谦语和敬语，但却在实际的语用中存在着较大的差异，这些差异的存在往往会导致跨文化交际的中断或失败。因此在跨文化交际中，交际双方要排除母语文化的干扰，正确把握和准确使用礼貌用语，从而达到理想的交际效果。     

Shy but Getting By? An Examination of the Complex Links Among Shyness,Coping, and Socioemotional Functioning in Childhood

The purpose of the current study was to test a conceptual model of the mediated and moderated associations among shyness, coping strategies, and socioemotional functioning in middle childhood. Participants were 358 children (177 boys) aged 9–13 years (M = 10.16 years, SD =.95). Children completed self‐report assessments of shyness, coping style in response to a social stressor, internalizing problems, and peer difficulties. Among the results, shyness was positively associated with internalizing symptoms and negatively related to perceptions of peer difficulties. However, both of these associations were partially mediated by internalizing coping styles. Moreover, problem‐solving coping moderated these mediated pathways: among children who reported higher levels of problem‐solving coping, the associations between internalizing coping and outcomes were attenuated. Several gender differences also emerged, suggesting that problem‐solving coping may be particularly useful for shy boys. Results are discussed in terms of the complex but potentially critical role of coping in shy children's socioemotional functioning.     

浅析中英文化差异和翻译

本文探讨了中英文化差异对翻译的影响的表现，提出了解决的途径。     

Neuroticism,locus of control,type A behaviour pattern and occupational stress

Abstract

The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between individual differences in personality and susceptibility to stress in the workplace. Stress in lecturers employed by a computer training organization was assessed by means of self-report and measurement of salivary cortisol output during lecturing and non-lecturing weeks. Neuroticism, Type A behaviour pattern and locus of control were measured. Self-reported stress was found to be much greater during lecturing weeks, but cortisol levels were unaffected by working conditions. There was a significant positive correlation between neuroticism and locus of control and a negative correlation between locus of control and Type A behaviour pattern that approached significance. Multiple regression was employed to explore relations between personality and stress. Subjects with lower neuroticism scores yielded a bigger increase in reported stress, in the lecturing compared with the non-lecturing week, than subjects with high neuroticism scores. Type B subjects showed a progressive decrease in cortisol over the working week while Type A counterparts showed a resurgence of cortisol towards the end of the week. Finally, Type B subjects having an internal locus of control showed a faster decline in cortisol level during the lecturing week than the other subjects. Implications of these results are discussed in terms of the importance simultaneously incorporating a variety of individual differences in personality dimensions and stress indices in research designs.     

Evidence-based treatments for trauma among culturally diverse foster care youth: Treatment retention and outcomes

This study describes the implementation of three evidence-based treatments addressing traumatic stress symptoms within a wraparound foster care program in Illinois. Child–Parent Psychotherapy (CPP), Trauma-Focused Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (TF-CBT), and Structured Psychotherapy for Adolescents Responding to Chronic Stress (SPARCS) were implemented with a racially diverse sample of youth ages 3–18 at six agencies. Culturally sensitive adaptations were made to treatment approaches to improve client retention and outcomes. Data analyses revealed no racial differences in retention in the program and no differences in outcomes between minority youth exposed to the intervention and other participants. All three evidence-based treatments were effective in reducing symptoms and improving functioning among minority youth. Implementation issues, including challenges and culturally competent accommodations, are discussed.     

论二十世纪我国的汉英语音对比研究

20世纪30年代至40年代,赵元任等学者已经开始对英汉语音的异同进行研究.自那时起,英汉语音对比成了我国英汉语言对比研究的一个重要领域,涉及发音语音学、音位系统构成、语流中的音变、音节、音高体系以及重音和节奏等七个方面,其中绝大部分成果为英语和汉语普通话的语音对比分析,但也有一些成果是对英语和汉语主要方言的比较,个别成果从历时的角度对英汉语音的异同进行了讨论.尽管我们在英汉语音对比方面已经取得了一定的成绩,但依靠实验手段的研究十分不够,生成音系学的汉英对比也尚无人涉足,语音对比的成果推广以及语音对比与语言学其他领域研究的结合更需大大加强.