美国企业年金"三驾马车"监管体制的运行与协调

美国对企业年金的监管实行的是"分权式"监管体制,这是在企业年金发展过程中制度长期选择的结果.本文通过对美国企业年金监管体制运行和协调的分析,发现该体制具有四个重要特点:一是监管机构设置健全,运行机制可靠,部门之间监管责任清晰,避免了监管真空的出现.二是监管部门之间加强合作,提高监管效率,避免了监管责任的重叠.三是监管机构的地位和出发点不同,增强了对计划参与者和受益人的保护程度.四是给予劳工部可以随时干预任何对企业年金计划参与者权益方面造成重大影响的事件的特殊权力,保证了监管体制的平稳运行.     

Envisioning Beijing 2020 through sketches of urban scenarios

To provide the decision-makers in Beijing, China, with an assessment of alternative development futures, we introduce scenario planning to process of drafting Beijing's 2020 Plan. The sketches of scenarios for Beijing are fruitful in several ways. First, the development of scenarios can meet the Beijing Municipal Commission of Urban Planning (BMCUP)'s needs to explore different urban development options. Second, scenario planning can accommodate uncertainty in economic and population growth caused in part by China's rapid social and economic transformation. Third, in the course of creating evaluation framework to assess scenarios, scenario planning informs decision-makers about choices regarding predicted outcomes. We demonstrate that in a city that is experiencing unforeseen growth in the era of transformations, the decision-making process can be informed by evaluating the performance of alternative development scenarios.     

基于多属性局内决策的应急预案启动模型

通过对突发事件造成损失的连续性扩展和结束时间部分信息的扩展,基于多属性决策方法和集结损失函数,研究管理者面对突发事件应该何时启动应急预案的问题。在没有突发事件损失函数信息的条件下,利用局内决策理论与方法构建了决策者何时启动应急预案的启动模型,并利用竞争比说明了该方案的有效性。在此基础上,通过数值分析验证了启动方案的有效性。     

IPPS Sampling Plans Excluding Adjacent Units

The concept of inclusion probability proportional to size sampling plans excluding adjacent units separated by at most a distance of m (≥ 1) units {IPPSEA plans} is introduced. IPPSEA plans ensure that the first-order inclusion probabilities of units are proportional to size measures of the units, while the second-order inclusion probabilities are zero for pairs of adjacent units separated by a distance of m units or less. IPPSEA plans have been obtained by making use of binary, proper, and unequireplicated block designs and linear programing approach. The performance of IPPSEA plans using Horvitz–Thompson estimator of population total has been compared with existing sampling plans such as simple random sampling without replacement (SRSWOR), balanced sampling plans excluding adjacent units {BSA (m) plans}, probability proportional to size with replacement, Hartley and Rao's plan (1962 Hartley , H. O. , Rao , J. N. K. ( 1962 ). Sampling with unequal probabilities and without replacement . Ann. Math. Statist. 33 : 350 – 374 .[Crossref] , [Google Scholar]), Rao et al.'s strategy (1962 Rao , J. N. K. , Hartley , H. O. , Cochran , W. G. ( 1962 ). On a simple procedure of unequal probability sampling without replacement . J. Roy. Statist. Soc. B 24 : 482 – 491 . [Google Scholar]), and Sampford's IPPS plan (1967 Sampford , M. R. ( 1967 ). On sampling without replacement with unequal probabilities of selection . Biometrika 54 ( 3 ): 499 – 513 .[Crossref], [PubMed] , [Google Scholar]) using a real life population. Unbiased estimation of Horvitz–Thompson estimator of population total is not possible in these types of plans because some of the second-order inclusion probabilities are zero. To resolve this problem, one approximate variance estimation technique has been suggested.     

Optimum two stage group-screening designs

In this paper, emphasis has been given to both the expected number of runs and the expected number of incorrect decisions and two stage group-screening designs have been obtained which minimise one fixing the other or minimise some sort of cost function which connects the two. Some group-screening plans have been given at the end as illustrations.     

2m − p compromise plans with strongly clear specified main effects and two-factor interactions

This article studies two-level strongly clear compromise plans. We derive some necessary conditions for the existence of four classes of two-level strongly clear compromise plans which allow the estimations of some specified main effects and two-factor interactions, with the assumption that the fourth- or higher-order effects are negligible. Also, some methods for constructing 2^{m ? p} strongly clear compromise plans are introduced.     

Pop Goes the Woozle: Being Misled by Research on Child Custody and Parenting Plans

Mental health professionals, lawyers, and judges whose work involves child custody decisions are often presented with social science research on issues related to which parenting plan is in the children’s best interests. Unfortunately, this research can be misrepresented in ways that mislead these professionals and the children’s parents, leading to child custody decisions that are not the most beneficial for the children. The process of misrepresenting the research in ways that create myths and misconceptions has been referred to as woozling. This article describes how social science data can be woozled, illustrating this with examples related to parenting plans for children under the age of 5 whose parents have separated.     

Shared Parenting After Divorce: A Review of Shared Residential Parenting Research

One of the most complex and compelling issues confronting policymakers, parents, and the family court system is what type of parenting plan is most beneficial for children after their parents' divorce. How much time should children live with each parent? An increasing number of children are living with each parent at least 35% of the time in shared residential parenting families: How are these children and their parents faring? In what ways, if any, do divorced parents who share the residential parenting differ from parents whose children live almost exclusively with their mother? How stable are shared residential parenting plans? By reviewing the existing studies on shared parenting families, these questions are addressed.     

Shared Physical Custody: Summary of 40 Studies on Outcomes for Children

One of the most complex and compelling issues confronting policymakers, parents, and professionals involved in making custody decisions is this: What type of parenting plan is most beneficial for the children after their parents separate? More specifically, are the outcomes any better or worse for children who live with each parent at least 35% of the time compared to children who live primarily with their mother and spend less than 35% of the time living with their father? This article addresses this question by summarizing the 40 studies that have compared children in these two types of families during the past 25 years. Overall the children in shared parenting families had better outcomes on measures of emotional, behavioral, and psychological well-being, as well as better physical health and better relationships with their fathers and their mothers, benefits that remained even when there were high levels of conflict between their parents.     

Feeding the pipeline: Gender,occupational plans,and college major selection

In this article, we analyze gender differences in college major selection for respondents to the Education Longitudinal Study (2002–2006), focusing on educational pathways through college that lead to science, engineering, or doctoral-track medicine occupations and to non-doctoral track clinical and health sciences occupations. We show that gender differences in college major selection remain substantial, even for a cohort in which rates of enrollment in postsecondary education are more than ten percent higher for young women than for young men. Consistent with other recent research, we demonstrate that neither gender differences in work–family goals nor in academic preparation explain a substantial portion of these differences. However, the occupational plans of high school seniors are strong predictors of initial college major selection, a finding that is revealed only when occupational plans are measured with sufficient detail, here by using the verbatim responses of students. We also find that the association between occupational plans and college major selection is not attributable to work–family orientation or academic preparation. Finally, we find gender differences in the associations between occupational plans and college major selection that are consistent with prior research on STEM attrition, as well as with the claim that attrition also affects the selection of majors that are gateways into doctoral-track medicine. We discuss the implications of the predictive power of occupational plans formed in adolescence for understanding sex segregation and for policies intended to create a gender-balanced STEM and doctoral-level medical workforce.