关于克隆人试验与伦理学的三原则

由于克隆人试验的对象是人的活细胞 ,不是人的胚胎 ;并且由于人只能有限地决定自己的未来 ,根本无法决定自己的出生 ;同时由于基因诊断和修复有助于新生儿的健康 ,因而克隆人试验既不会伤害任何人的生命体 ,也不会侵犯任何可能出现的克隆人的自主权和平等权 ,进而不会违反伦理学的三原则     

"转语"方法论

西汉时期的杨雄,创建并运用"转语"的方法,研究汉语古今字词和共通语与方言字词之间词义上的共通关系。其内容包括"形转"、"音转"和"义转"三大部分。但后来学者因受宋元"古音转注"说的影响,将"转语"的内涵缩小在"音转"的狭窄范围,并且无限夸大"音转"在词义研究中的功能和作用,致使"转语"从科学而步入唯心主义的伪科学陷阱。     

Do Actions Speak Louder Than Words? Preschool Children's Use of the Verbal-Nonverbal Consistency Principle During Inconsistent Communications

The present study investigated whether preschool children could use the conventional actions speak louder than words principle (or the verbal-nonverbal consistency principle) to process information in situations where verbal cues contradict nonverbal cues. Three-, 4-, and 5-year-olds were shown a video in which an actor drank a beverage and made a verbal statement (e.g., I like it) that was inconsistent with her emotional expression (e.g., frowning), and were asked whether the actor liked or disliked the beverage. If children used the verbal-nonverbal consistency principle, they should respond according to the information conveyed by the actor's emotional expression. Results showed that when the message was more naturalistic, the majority of children tended to respond based on the actor's verbal message. However, when the inconsistency between the verbal and nonverbal messages was made salient, more children appeared to rely on the nonverbal cue. Younger children's reliance on verbal cues reported in previous research may be partly explained by the salience of the verbal message.     

网络纠纷案件的管辖权确立标准探析

网络所构筑的跨越地域界限的虚拟世界,向现实的地域管辖权提出了挑战。各国学者提出了不同的管辖权确立标准。美国法院在其今年来的判例中使用"最低限度联系"原则为网络管辖权确定了初步的规则和标准。笔者认为,我国可以将"被告就原告"＆"最低限度联系"原则作为一种管辖权确立标准之补充,适用于网络纠纷之中。     

测量系统的质量监控技术

在制造业中,测量系统是保证和提高产品质量的必需技术手段。本文提出了将统计过程控制(SPC)技术应用于监控测量过程的思想,首先指出了测量过程与一般生产过程之间的差异,并建立了测量过程的一般模型;在此基础上,引入了监控测量过程的同分布原则和实现技术,并给出了实证分析。     

Beyond cheap talk accounts: A theory of politeness in negotiations

Negotiations are a careful balancing act between cooperation and competition—a successful negotiation requires extracting maximal value without offending and alienating a counterpart (i.e., the negotiator’s dilemma). It is thus surprising that negotiation scholars have largely overlooked a pervasive feature of negotiations: they entail “polite” speech. In this paper, we introduce politeness as a communicative strategy that is critical to solving the negotiator’s dilemma. By strategically adjusting their utterances to signal deference and respect, negotiators can make ambitious requests without derailing the exchange. Starting with an overview of politeness and a review of the relevant negotiation literature, we offer testable propositions regarding how attempts at polite speech manifest in negotiations, who is especially likely to express them, under what conditions, and to what effect. We also consider the conditions under which this communication strategy undermines negotiators. We hope our review and theorizing will open up broader discussions on the role of polite speech in deal making and conversational dynamics.     

非对称信息条件下实物期权最优投资问题研究

描述了实物期权投资者和经营者价值函数,分析了不同信息条件下实物期权的最优投 资决策. 在非对称信息条件下,实物期权经营者对于项目价值信息隐匿,这是一个具有逆向选 择的委托代理问题. 设计了以实物期权投资者利润数学期望最大为目标函数,以投资和数量折 扣作为状态方程的最优控制问题. 应用极大值原理推导了实物期权最优投资和数量折扣的求 解方案. 最后,进行了实物期权最优投资的仿真实验,验证了实物期权在项目投资问题上的分 析结果.     

非对称信息条件下供应链的生产策略

本文研究信息不对称条件下供应链中生产策略问题。考虑了生产库存的成本和利润函数,将生产者作为委托人,库存者作为代理人。进一步,在非对称信息条件下,将生产者最低利润的个人理性约束转化为二次型函数,以库存者利润对于库存存储成本参数的一阶条件作为状态方程,运用极大值原理,推导了非对称信息条件下生产策略。文中还分析了不同信息环境下的生产策略,并作了仿真试验计算。     

强制与自愿二元定位下《证券法》ESG信息披露制度的体系完善

如何提升ESG信息披露的数量与质量,是当下ESG信息披露制度完善的首要目标。现有研究主要基于ESG强制性信息披露可以弥补自愿性监管不足之逻辑,认为应加强ESG信息披露的强制性;却忽略了自愿性信息披露的价值,以及在为何加强、如加强强制性方面论证不足。首先,理论研究发现,自愿性信息披露具有强制性信息披露不可替代的优势,其灵活性更契合ESG信息披露的个性化特征,形成更有效的市场信息;另一方面,自愿性与强制性信息披露是不可割裂的,在制度功能、披露内容与制度构建上具有关联性、互补性。完善的ESG信息披露制度需要强制性与自愿性的二元结合。其次,ESG的功能定位直接影响监管模式的选择。监管部门如将ESG定位为促进公司长期价值的工具,即属于公司自治范畴,采用自愿立场;如将ESG定位为社会治理的手段,往往会提升ESG信息披露的强制性以达到社会治理的目标。据此,我国现阶段基于“双碳”治理的目标提升环境信息披露的强制性,保留其余信息披露的自愿性具有理论与实践正当性。再次,虽然二元监管模式定位合理,但是在具体制度建设中仍存在环境强制性信息披露监管不足、自愿性ESG信息披露激励不足的内生冲突。当前环境强制性信息披露仍然采用单一重要性原则,可能造成ESG信息披露供给不足以及难以应对“漂绿”现象;在法定环境信息披露事项上,也存在标准不一的问题。自愿性信息披露则存在激励不足的现象。上市公司可能因为ESG信息披露承担监管风险,但却无细则与免责事由指引如何避免。最后,在制度优化上,监管强化存在引进双重重要性原则以及增列强制性信息披露事由两条路径。但考虑到双重重要性原则所代表的社会公共利益与证券法投资者保护利益的根本性冲突,现阶段统一法定环境信息披露标准较为合适。另一方面,证券法可以增列与环境有关的公司治理结构披露事项,以与环境法信息公开相区别。激励强化存在引进预测性信息安全港以及细化指引两条路径。但考虑到国内并无预测性信息安全港的相关规则,立法成本过高,因此现阶段细化自愿性ESG信息披露较为适宜。     

Likelihood inference for lognormal data with left truncation and right censoring with an illustration

The lognormal distribution is quite commonly used as a lifetime distribution. Data arising from life-testing and reliability studies are often left truncated and right censored. Here, the EM algorithm is used to estimate the parameters of the lognormal model based on left truncated and right censored data. The maximization step of the algorithm is carried out by two alternative methods, with one involving approximation using Taylor series expansion (leading to approximate maximum likelihood estimate) and the other based on the EM gradient algorithm (Lange, 1995). These two methods are compared based on Monte Carlo simulations. The Fisher scoring method for obtaining the maximum likelihood estimates shows a problem of convergence under this setup, except when the truncation percentage is small. The asymptotic variance-covariance matrix of the MLEs is derived by using the missing information principle (Louis, 1982), and then the asymptotic confidence intervals for scale and shape parameters are obtained and compared with corresponding bootstrap confidence intervals. Finally, some numerical examples are given to illustrate all the methods of inference developed here.