元代江南社会、文化及民族习俗的流变——以蒙古、色目人的移民对江南社会的影响为中心

江南素来被认为是理学的重地、传统文化的堡垒,但这并不是说其文化的形成是单一的。大一统的元代是江南文化获取异质因素从而蓬勃发展的重要时期。由于蒙古民族在进入中原以前,已经具备相当的文化属性,统一中原后,出于政治的需要和文化本位主义的考虑,在现行的政策中很好地保存了蒙古民族和其他东迁的色目人的民族性。因为各种因素迁入江南的蒙古、色目人和汉族人共同杂居,蒙古、色目文化与江南文化全面接触,给江南文化带来了不同于以往的样式和更加丰富的内容。江南的礼俗文化对蒙古、色目人也产生了全面的影响。在文化的接触中,民族的界限渐渐消失,整个江南文化呈现出新的局面。这一时期江南文化的发展,给明清江南文化的发展提供了有力的支撑。     

试论大学生积极道德人格的培养

当前大学生道德人格发展中,出现了道德认知与道德行为脱节、道德情感冷漠、道德信念缺失等问题,引发了人们的关注与思考。借助积极心理学的相关理论,应培养大学生积极道德人格。要挖掘和塑造大学生的积极道德品质,加强大学生的积极道德体验,以使他们形成稳定的积极道德行为。     

价值多元论的道德困境——解读以赛亚·伯林对马基雅维利的分析

伯林认为马基雅维利在《君主论》中解释基督教道德与历史上伟大人物取得赫赫功业的手段之间的道德冲突问题时,无意中揭示了一个根本的问题,即价值多元。由此,伯林认为这一道德困境不是同一道德体系下的困境,而是两套道德体系之间的矛盾。在此基础上,伯林阐发了他的价值多元论,并引入消极自由和积极自由这一对概念来解决上述道德困境。但是,通过两套道德体系的理论不足以消解这一道德困境,而且也不足以证成价值多元论。消极自由与积极自由的提出对解决道德困境的伦理标准的选择于事无补,反而容易陷入相对主义,使问题变得更加复杂。     

Ethnic Differences in Women's Emotional Reactions to Parental Nonsupportive Emotion Socialization

Recent evidence suggests that the association between parents’ use of nonsupportive emotion socialization practices and their children's subsequent negative emotional outcomes varies based on ethnicity. The goal of this study is to test the proposition that African American women interpret parental nonsupportive emotion socialization practices less negatively than European American women. In this study, 251 European and African American women completed a measure on recalled feelings when their parents engaged in nonsupportive emotion socialization practices during childhood. Results indicated that African American women reported feeling more loved and less hurt and ashamed than European American women when their parents enacted nonsupportive emotion socialization practices such as ignoring, punishing, minimizing, and teasing them when distressed. Possible mechanisms for this difference and the need for additional research exploring ethnic differences in emotion socialization and its effects on adjustment are discussed.     

Short-Term Prospective Effects of Impulsivity on Binge Drinking: Mediation by Positive and Negative Drinking Consequences

Abstract. Objective: Although the association of impulsivity with diverse alcohol outcomes has been documented, the mechanisms by which impulsivity predicts drinking over time remain to be fully characterized. The authors examined whether positive drinking consequences, but not negative drinking consequences, mediated the association between impulsivity and subsequent binge drinking, over and above prior binge drinking. Participants: Participants were 171 college students. Methods: Participants completed 2 online surveys with an average interval of 68 days between assessments at Time 1 (September to October 2012) and Time 2 (November to December 2012). Results: Path analysis showed that, among 5 facets of impulsivity, the effect of sensation seeking on subsequent binge drinking was completely mediated by prior positive consequences. No mediating effects of negative consequences were found. Conclusions: Prior experience of positive drinking consequences may serve as one of the risk pathways by which sensation seeking shapes binge drinking over time. Personalized intervention strategies may utilize information about students’ impulsivity facets to address their binge drinking and alcohol-related consequences.     

What are the Differences between Happiness and Self-Esteem

The present study investigated theoretically and empirically derived similarities and differences between the constructs of enduring happiness and self-esteem. Participants (N = 621), retired employees ages 51–95, completed standardized measures of affect, personality, psychosocial characteristics, physical health, and demographics. The relations between each of the two target variables (happiness and self-esteem) and the full set of remaining variables were assessed through a series of successive statistical analyses: (1) simple Pearson’s correlations, (2) partial correlations, and (3) hierarchical regression analyses. The results revealed that happiness and self-esteem, while highly correlated (r = 0.58), presented unique patterns of relations with the other measured variables. The best predictors of happiness were the following: mood and temperamental traits (i.e., extraversion and neuroticism), social relationships (lack of loneliness and satisfaction with friendships), purpose in life, and global life satisfaction. By contrast, self-esteem was best predicted by dispositions related to agency and motivation (i.e., optimism and lack of hopelessness). Implications for the understanding of happiness and self-esteem are discussed.     

各地区死亡率比较方法的改进及实证分析

长期以来,人们在分析各地区的人口死亡率时,都是用直接死亡率进行分析比较。然而在我国各地区人口基数不同的情况下,采用直接死亡率进行比较会带来很大的误差。本文对传统的死亡率进行了调节,并利用五普时各地区的死亡率进行了实证分析。     

Positive Psychology and the Distinction Between Positive and Negative Reinforcement

Abstract

The authors make a reasonable point, that behavior analysis should be concerned with effective behavior in its own right and not only as a replacement for ineffective behavior. But positive psychology is then described as “a science of positive subjective experience, positive individual traits, and positive institutions …” based largely on correlations among self-report inventories; a science which has the goal of identifying traits that function as the explanations of the behavior of interest. An effort is made to justify this move in a nonbehavioral direction by reference to the distinction between positive and negative reinforcement and an exhortation that OBM practitioners emphasize the former. But this rationale is seriously flawed by either a clearly erroneous or a drastically oversimplified understanding of this distinction. Furthermore, all of the more specific recommendations can be easily justified in terms of ordinary behavioral advantages without recourse to the achievement motivation literature or such concepts as self-efficacy.     

Organizational Behavior Management and Industrial/Organizational Psychology

Abstract

Six scholars in applied psychology wrote thoughtful and provocative reactions to a paper written by the author that presented a case for broadening the content and language of organizational behavior management (OBM) in order to enhance appreciation for OBM in organizational settings and among university faculty and students in mainstream psychology programs. This paper summarizes the follow-up commentaries and adds justification for key points made in the target article. Five topics are addressed: (1) critical distinctions between OBM and industrial/organizational psychology, (2) disadvantages of using negative over positive reinforcement to motivate behavior change, (3) the need to after OBM language in order to increase interest and application, (4) the use of unobservable person state vs. personality traits to explain behavior, and (5) the challenge of improving the education and training of students in OBM programs.     

Enjoyment and absorption: An electronic diary study on daily flow patterns

Abstract

Flow experience is a state of mind in which one is totally absorbed in a task. This study explored the daily flow patterns related to working and non-working tasks among healthy and non-healthy (burned-out) individuals using the Experience Sampling Method. Previously the flow experience has been measured in terms of high challenges and high skills. The main aim of this study was to explore flow throughout the day using an operationalization that focused on the flow experience itself, as indicated by enjoyment and absorption. Forty healthy participants and 60 burned-out individuals kept an electronic diary on activities (work/non-work), and levels of flow (enjoyment and absorption) for 14 days. Entries were prompted by a signal on average five times a day, thus rendering 5455 entries. A curvilinear daily flow pattern was observed, with lower levels of flow during working hours. Differences were found between the components of flow: enjoyment was higher during non-working tasks, whereas absorption was higher when working. There were no differences in flow patterns between the healthy and burned-out group although the actual levels differed, with the former experiencing more flow than the latter. The results confirm the validity of this means of measuring flow, using enjoyment and absorption as indicators.