从实体到关系:个体主义和整体主义的困境与超越

社会学方法论个体主义和整体主义在本体论思维的束缚下把各自的个体、社会整体本体化、实体化,并因此导致了个人和社会、行动和结构、微观和宏观等的理论对立。彻底抛弃本体论预设、解构实体,从实体视角转向关系视角是克服上述二元对立的有效途径,布迪厄和吉登斯的努力体现了社会学方法论的这一转向。     

"救出自己"不等于为我主义——从胡适对《玩偶之家》的阐释说起

胡适是五四新文化运动的主将,他对易卜生的接受始于留美时期。《易卜生主义》是胡适全面介绍易卜生思想的力作,也是集中承载胡适"健全的个人主义"思想的经典性文章。胡适在阐释《玩偶之家》等作品时提出的救出自己的思想,是其"健全的个人主义"思想的精神根底,即救出自己不等于为我主义,明显带有利他主义的成分。这一思想与胡适在五四文化语境中生成的自由人本主义世界观是分不开的,也是其思想的独特性之所在。     

中西方面子理论差异探微

礼貌是日常生活行为中具有道德或伦理意义的一项行为准则,它具有普遍性,为人类所共有。同时礼貌的具体内容和制约礼貌行为的规则存在着跨文化差异。作为礼貌理论之一的面子理论在中西方情境中自然就有很大差异。     

Attitude and Propensity to Divorce in Iran: Structural and Ideational Determinants

Divorce has been increasing worldwide, even in societies where religious impediments to it are strongest. In the Islamic Republic of Iran, divorce rates have risen rapidly since the mid-1990s. In this article, we investigate the attitude and propensity of young Iranians toward divorce and relate these attitudes and propensities to structural and ideational factors. The data are drawn from a survey of 720 married people ages 15 to 29 conducted in the city of Tehran in 2014. The results show that almost half of respondents approved of divorce as a solution for marital problems and one fifth of them have high propensity to divorce. Multivariate analyses indicate that approval of and high propensity toward divorce are significantly associated with ideational factors—namely individualism, secularism, and gender egalitarian views—and structural factors—including education, wife’s employment, and household economic insecurity—even after controlling for demographic variables. We discuss the implications of these findings for the understanding of marital stability in this rapidly changing context.     

“整体性”汉语思维与“个体性”英语思维对比分析

文章从英汉两种语言书面语词汇、句法及语篇层面分析汉语思维与英语思维的一个显著差异,即“整体性”与“个体性”差异。分析两种思维方式在语言上的差异对了解两种文化、学习两种语言具有很强的指导作用。     

马克思对“个体主义”的扬弃

西方近代历经文艺复兴、宗教改革、启蒙运动所确立的个体主义,立足于人权的基址张扬了个性自由,这在人类近代史上是很大的进步.但个体主义不是绝对真理,它含有不可避免的历史局限性.正因为如此,个体主义遭到了空想社会主义者的激烈批判.但是,空想社会主义者的批判精神并没有击中资本主义制度的要害;空想社会主义者未能对合理的个体主义与极端的个体主义--利己主义加以客观的、历史的区分,而是将二者混为一谈,加以全盘否定,从而使自己置身于新生的社会文化价值目标的对立面,失去了广泛的社会认同基础.虽然空想社会主义看到了个体主义的局限性,但没有很好地"扬弃"个体主义的合理内核.于是,以空想社会主义为直接理论来源的马克思主义就对个体主义的实质进行了全新的解释,并将个体主义的合理内核加以了全面吸收,提出了"人自由而全面发展"的理论.这一理论既是对个体主义的超越,也是对空想社会主义的超越.     

浅析中美文化差异的根源

本篇文章首先界定文化交际中文化这一概念,通过分析中美价值体系的不同来揭示跨文化交际中出现的种种差异。其中,中国的两大哲学思想——儒家和道家思想对中国人价值体系的形成起着至关重要的作用;美国的宗教和个人主义思想对美国人的价值体系的形成起着决定性的作用。     

中西价值观念比较研究中的几个疑点

关于中西价值观念的比较,学界已经形成许多重要结论,然而也留下一些令人迷惑且有待澄清之处。提出"是不是西方仅仅是个人主义"、"是不是仅仅中国讲德性"、"从什么意义上理解中国与西方法律的差异"等三个问题,意在澄清中西价值观念比较研究中非常流行的一些似是而非的结论。     

Revisiting individualism and collectivism: a multinational examination of pre-service teachers’ perceptions on student academic performances

This study explores how pre-service teachers in Singapore, Hong Kong, Taiwan, and the United States perceive educational diversity in relation to students’ academic achievement by means of qualitative content analysis. It takes cultural psychological perspectives to revisit the attribute reasoning embedded in individualist and collectivist orientations. Pre-service teachers in Hong Kong, Taiwan, and Singapore are found to attribute academic failure of low social economic status (SES) students to personal factors, such as individual effort, intelligence, and motivation. Pre-service teachers from the United States tend to attribute academic failure of low SES students to situational factors, such as family, school, and community.     

从价值观角度诠释英汉称谓的差异

跨文化交际的核心是价值观,个人主义和集体主义是中西方价值观差异的重要表现.称谓是言语交际中使用最广泛最频繁的词语,中西方在价值观上的差异对称谓有着非常大的影响.