新"国之四维"初论——关于加强法制建设与加强道德建设相结合的思考

在漫长的中国古代社会,“礼、义、廉、耻”被称为“国之四维”,即国家的四个基本理念和基本准则,它是中华民族的一笔宝贵精神财富和治国范式。在依法治国的新的历史条件下,我们既要积极借鉴“国之四维”的精华,又要融入法治的时代内涵,将“法”的核心范畴即“权利”与“义务”和“德”的核心范畴即“荣誉”与“耻辱”有机地组合起来,这就构成了新“国之四维”的基本理念和基本范式。新“国之四维”的确立,有助于“法”与“德”的各自界定及有机结合,有助于法制精神与社会主义荣辱观的确立。     

公共性视角下平台“大数据杀熟”的规制逻辑与路径

平台“大数据杀熟”是通过算法侵害消费者权益的行为，存在社会伦理和技术伦理的双重可责性，应当予以规制。《反垄断法》《消费者权益保护法》《价格法》等传统法律制度对“大数据杀熟”的规制存在理念与制度层面的困境。鉴于大数据平台所具有的公共性特征及“大数据杀熟”侵害对象的不特定性，“大数据杀熟”规制可以借鉴公用事业理论，采取事前监管方式，对适格的平台主体施加透明、合理、非歧视的价格制定和标示义务，并通过设立专业的平台监管机构，确保上述义务得到履行。     

Legal financial obligations in the United States: A review of recent research

In the United States, legal financial obligations (LFOs) include many types of monetary sanctions. For example, fines are tied to specific offenses and imposed at conviction and fees charge people for the “use” of courts, prisons, and other public services. With the rise of mass incarceration, millions of people across the U.S. owe billions of dollars in LFOs. Yet despite the widespread use of monetary sanctions, it was not until the last decade that research began to uncover the vast system of LFOs embedded throughout U.S. laws and understand their far-reaching socioeconomic consequences. This paper reviews recent research on LFOs across three areas: (1) the political development of LFOs, (2) their implementation and enforcement, and (3) the consequences of LFOs on people, broader social networks, and the functioning of public institutions. We conclude with recommendations for future research that explores the hidden processes connecting these three areas and accounts for the fractured nature of the U.S. government.