脱贫成效精准:脱贫户获得感测度及其影响因素

从脱贫户获得感维度检验中国脱贫的实践效应。通过对广东省48 村1 518 已脱贫农户的调查研究,发现其家庭人均年收入持续增长且比已知脱贫收入线显著偏高,产业扶贫对收入增长的作用显著;脱贫户基于家庭劳动力人数、老人数和学生子女数等客观需求,多数自觉获得了体现客观机会获得的脱贫政策福利;脱贫户拥有较高的获得感,并没因调查个体的人口特征而存在差异,其显著地与客观需求呈负相关,与客观获得呈正相关,需求既定时客观获得增加,则获得感会显著提升,这意味着新时代基于需求-获得-满足的精准扶贫逻辑具有实践效应。在客观获得确定而需求增加时,获得感会显著偏低,收入的影响作用最大。因此,后脱贫时代需要继续推进乡村产业发展,加强对劳动力的职业技能培训和乡村教育扶持力度,从外部基础、成人主体内在动力和代际发展潜力来保障和提升脱贫成效的持续性。     

Origins and destinies: Immigration to the United States since World War II

Contemporary immigration to the United States and the formation of new ethnic groups are the complex and unintended social consequences of the expansion of the nation to its post-World War II position of global hegemony. Immigrant communities in the United States today are related to a history of American military, political, economic, and cultural involvement and intervention in the sending countries, especially in Asia and the Caribbean Basin, and to the linkages that are formed in the process that open a variety of legal and illegal migration pathways. The 19.8 million foreign-born persons counted in the 1990 U.S. census formed the largest immigrant population in the world, though in relative terms, only 7.9% of the U.S. population was foreign-born, a lower proportion than earlier in this century. Today's immigrants are extraordinarily diverse, a reflection of polar-opposite types of migrations embedded in very different historical and structural contexts. Also, unlike the expanding economy that absorbed earlier flows from Europe, since the 1970s new immigrants have entered an hourglass economy with reduced opportunities for social mobility, particularly among the less educated, and new waves of refugees have entered a welfare state with expanded opportunities for public assistance. This paper seeks to make sense of the new diversity. A typology of contemporary immigrants is presented, and their patterns of settlement, their distinctive social and economic characteristics compared to major native-born racial-ethnic groups, and their different modes of incorporation in—and consequences for—American society are considered.     

The majority legal status of women in southern Africa: implications for women and families

Women in many countries of southern Africa do not have majority status or have only recently gained this right. Majority status grants individuals adult legal status and the right to bring matters to court, own and administer property, have legal custody of children, and contract for marriage. This article summarizes the legal status of women in Botswana, Lesotho, South Africa, Swaziland, Zambia, and Zimbabwe. Lack of majority status contributes to the ongoing risk of poverty for women and makes them overly dependent on men. Compounding the situation in these countries is the presence of a dual legal system. Improving the situation of women and their families involves targeting changes in the legal system, influencing implementation of laws, educating women about their rights, and giving women needed support to seek their legal rights. The legal status of women must be viewed in the context of historical changes in the economic, educational, political, and cultural developments of society.The research for this paper was conducted during her previous faculty affiliation with the University of Michigan, School of Social Work. Her research interests include the impact of social change on women and families, rural mental health services, and health and mental health linkages. She received her Ph.D. from Rutgers University and her M.S.W. from the Columbia University School of Social Work.Her research interests are gender, work and family, culture and power, social transformations in rural and peri-urban communities, critical education, women and community politics, history of women, family and kinship issues, and community-based program development and evaluation. She received her M.S.W. from Dalhousie University, Halifax.     

论中国脱贫攻坚的理论与实践创新

党的十八大以来,我国扶贫开发进入脱贫攻坚阶段。脱贫攻坚理论与实践创新不断深化推进,不仅彰显脱贫攻坚在决胜全面小康社会进程中的重要地位,也预示贫困研究与贫困干预模式的转型。在习近平扶贫思想引导下,坚持精准扶贫精准脱贫方略,推进扶贫体制、机制、路径的改革创新。顶层设计日益完善,实践领域不断破局,取得了前所未有的减贫成效。基于打赢脱贫攻坚战的实践经验与现实需要,贫困研究和反贫困实践的互动愈加频繁,新理论引导实践不断创新发展,实践发展又为理论创新拓展经验基础。脱贫攻坚“理论[CD*2]政策[CD*2]实践”互动转换,建构了意识形态话语与政策科学研究的互动空间,避免了学术研究成果与现实发展需求的割裂,也激发了学术与政策领域的研究活力。推进这一模式的发展与完善不仅有助于脱贫攻坚的理论与实践创新,也有助于为世界减贫提供中国方案。     

中小学教师依法治教的困境与对策

中小学教师是依法治教的实践者、宣讲者、推动者,是推动依法治教的关键因素之一。但是,在中小学教师依法治教的过程中,还存在着中小学教师法治素养良莠不齐,教育立法滞后、执法不严、司法不公以及中小学教师职前、职后法治教育缺失等现象。全面推进依法治国,实现教育治理体系和治理能力现代化,必须深刻把握和充分发挥中小学教师在依法治教中的价值和作用,增强其依法治教的自觉性;必须深刻分析中小学教师在依法治教中面临的各种困境与原因,采取针对性措施,做到有的放矢,综合施策。     

甘青藏区民间工艺的传承与创新——以玛尼石刻和敲铜工艺为例

本文通过对甘青藏区传统民间手工艺中的甘南玛尼石刻和青海湟中敲铜工艺的田野考察,对两类民间工艺的制作工艺、宗教信仰背景、生产模式、文化内涵等方面做了详细分析,并且对甘青藏区的传统民间工艺在新时代的活态传承进行反思。     

接点治理：论精准扶贫过程中的“村民评议”——对湘西B村的个案研究

作为深入乡土社会的“事件”,精准扶贫触发了国家政权和乡土社会之间的分歧。在数字化治理技术与乡土生活模糊性之间、国家正式权力与农村内生秩序之间、“区分逻辑”与乡土社会“平均主义”之间,两者存在明显差异。面对分歧,农村基层在精准扶贫过程中采取“村民评议”制度形成“接点治理”格局。研究发现,村民评议形成的接点治理主要包括以下治理机制：以熟人社会构成治理的信息机制,以多元主体参与构成治理的权威机制,以协商讨论构成治理的合法化机制。这一制度创造了新型制度场域和治理接点,有利于实现国家政权与乡土社会之间的融合。推进对湘西B村“村民评议”的个案分析,发掘其中的治理机制,完善其中存在的不足,实现从接点分离到接点融合,推进基层社会的有效治理。     

新贫困视域下乡村转型的困厄与重构路径

中国社会转型的重要背景之一是全球消费社会的到来。 这使得新穷人现象日渐凸显,并成为影响甚至主导整个社会转型的核心线索。 作为新穷人的典型表现,乡村新贫困既包括在城乡二元结构下,村民难以获得以城市生活方式为参照的社会公认生活水准而引发的结构性贫困,也包括由消费欲望激发的社会心理性贫困。 由此,乡村消费转型表现为如下困境:私人消费中,个体消费认同在地和脱嵌的困境以及家庭消费规范物质化和人伦的两难;集体消费中,消费品“上移冶和“下乡冶的悖论。 为应对这些困境,必须从消费角度,破解“新穷困冶的结构性和文化困境,实行新型城镇化和新农村建设并举。     

找回集体:西藏治理深度贫困的经验与启示

既有关于贫困治理的研究或从某一视角出发,或是针对一般性的贫困问题。 通过对典型的整体性深度贫困地区西藏自治区的实地调研,文章认为深度贫困不同于一般性贫困,是个体贫困与社区贫困交织、外在贫困和内在贫困扭结的多维贫困综合体,构建了深度贫困治理的四维图式,分析了深度贫困在两个维度上四种具体表现类型,指出治理深度贫困的有效策略是在整合型贫困治理框架之下发展集体合作经营。     

先秦儒家"以乐修身"思想论析

先秦儒家认为音乐对个体修身具有重要作用。儒家乐论中揭示了"以乐修身"的心性论依据,"游于艺"的心理特征,致"和"的修身目标及境界。这些思想对我们反思现代人身心修养之必要,反对艺术教育的功利化等富有启发。