落实依法治国方略加快建设社会主义法治国家

十七大关于依法治国的基本思想是：依法治国是社会主义民主的基本要求;完善社会主义法律体系是依法治国的重要前提;维护社会公平正义是依法治国的重要目标;推进依法行政是依法治国的关键;推进司法体制和工作机制改革是依法治国的重要环节;提高全社会的法律意识和法治观念是依法治国的基础。加快建设社会主义法治国家必须处理好依法治国与党的领导的关系,法制建设与社会发展水平的关系,法治和德治的关系。     

Impacts of off‐farm employment on welfare,food security and poverty: Evidence from rural Vietnam

How off‐farm employment can enhance welfare in terms of food consumption and poverty alleviation is a critical question facing many developing countries. This study addressed that question by pursuing two objectives: (i) to quantify the impact of off‐farm employment on rural households’ welfare, food security and poverty; and (ii) to examine the factors that affect their decision to work off‐farm. Using panel data, we estimated a difference‐in‐difference combined with a propensity score matching model. The findings show that off‐farm employment improves income, ensures food security and contributes to poverty alleviation. The results also show that age, marital status, education, labour, financial capital, land, location, market access and losses from natural disasters are significant contributing factors to the decision to participate in off‐farm employment. The findings suggest that to improve the welfare of rural households, the Vietnamese government should proceed with policies that enhance their opportunities for participation in off‐farm employment.     

The nature and prevalence of kinship care: Focus on young kinship carers

Young kinship carers tend to be overlooked in kinship care policy and practice. This Australian research project explored the prevalence of kinship care households in Australia, with a particular focus on households headed by young kinship carers. Census data were utilized to explore the number of kinship care households across the carer age spectrum and some of their characteristics, including households with Indigenous carers and carers with a culturally and linguistically diverse (CALD) identity. Characteristics of households headed by carers aged 16–30 years were explored in some detail, and comparisons made with young parents. The data pointed to particular challenges for young kinship carers in relation to post‐secondary education, employment and income security. Implications for policy and practice are discussed.     

论我国社会转型期的城市贫困问题

城市贫困是一个综合性概念。我国目前城市贫困问题具有非常明显的突发性、困难性、交融性、多元性和分散性等特性。在我国社会转型过程中,城市贫困加剧的原因主要是贫富差距拉大、分配不公、机会不均等。对解决现阶段的城市贫困问题提出相应对策。     

The Capability Approach and Fuzzy Poverty Measures: An Application to the South African Context

One way of making the capability approach (CA) operational uses fuzzy poverty measures. In this paper, we present a new approach to applying these measures in the South African context using responses to a questionnaire on ‘The Essentials of Life’ in conjunction with a methodology for dealing with the vagueness of poverty. Our results suggest very low cut-offs for people or households to classify as definitely poor for some social indicators. These cut-offs are far lower than those Klasen used in his application of the CA. The attempt to apply the CA using Cheli and Lemmi’s ‘totally fuzzy and relative’ poverty measure in conjunction with our approach to specifying cut-offs can lead to incoherence. This measure can, nonetheless, be useful when social indicators have a ‘relativist component’. While the Cerioli and Zani measure does not lead to such incoherence, it also has a serious weakness.     

Incidence, Depth and Severity of Children in Poverty

Recently, the first ever estimate of the number of children living poverty in developing countries was undertaken. The incidence of child poverty was estimated by establishing how many children suffer severe deprivation in at least one out of seven indicators which are internationally recognized as their rights as well as constitutive of poverty. This is a major step forward in the analysis of poverty. In this paper, we generalize these findings on the incidence of children living in poverty by exploring how to estimate the depth and severity of child poverty. Two countries can have the same proportion of children living in poverty, however, the actual plight of children could be very different depending on how many deprivations, on average, children suffer. In addition, even if they suffer from the same average number of deprivations, these deprivation could be the same for all children or be very unevenly distributed. We show how these considerations can be used to estimate the depth and severity of poverty. We use regional data to provide applied examples of this methodology. The method proposed in this paper is similar to the one used to estimate the incidence, depth and severity of income poverty. The paper also offers some possible generalizations and ways forward for future research.     

论我国农村老年贫困人口与“温饱型老龄化”问题

文章在对我国农村老年贫困人口数量规模、空间分布、贫困程度等状况分析的基础上,提出了“温饱型老年化”概念,并对提倡和实现“温饱型老年化”的必要性、路径措施进行了分析。认为在我国解决农村贫困问题,实现“温饱型老年化”,是新农村建设与和谐社会建构中的重要主题之一,是实践健康老年化、积极老年化的必不可少的基础和前提。     

各国社会医疗救助制度及其对建立我国城市贫困人口社会医疗救助的启示

社会医疗救助是医疗保障体系的重要组成部分。本文描述了新加坡、加拿大、英国和美国等国家社会医疗救助的特点,分析建立我国城市贫困人口社会医疗救助制度的意义,并对覆盖对象、资金来源以及保障项目与水平等作出思考。     

城市贫困:原因分析及治理对策

城市贫困问题已成为中国改革和发展中急需解决的重要问题 ,治理城市贫困关系到稳定大局 ,实现“共同富裕”的发展目标 ,也是全面建设小康社会的必然要求。本文分析了城市贫困现状及其产生的原因 ,并提出扶贫解困的政策措施。     

对我国出生性别比失衡人口规模的判断

中国人口经历了长达1/4世纪的出生性别比偏高的过程,其结果是男女性人口数量的严重失衡。现有统计资料难以准确反映男女失衡的规模,间接估算,1980~2006年出生性别比偏高的出生队列累计,男性比女性"多出生"3331万人,其中"应该多出生"1846万人,"偏高多出生"1485万人;2006年0~26岁存活人口中,男性比女性多出3402万人,其中"应该多出"1965万人,"偏高多出"1437万人。