就业优先:以"公平而有质量"的教育 在民族地区阻断贫困代际传递

“发展教育脱贫一批”是在民族地区实现共同富裕的重要方针。然而在“教育改变命运”的共识之外,布迪厄认为教育一代代地维持着对社会中下阶层的不公平的“文化再生产”理论,被一些学者应用于对我国少数民族教育的研究。如在“三区三州”等民族地区,代际间的贫困传递难以阻断,因家庭文化资本弱势而造成子女求学、求职受阻,看似可用“贫困文化的再生产”予以概括,但笔者不同意直接套用西方理论认定中国存在“教育不公平”的论述。因为我国社会实际与布氏提出“学校教育再生产社会阶层结构”观点之环境不同,有多项教育政策在切实保障着少数民族通过“教育改变命运”——当前在我国民族地区实现教育公平的主要障碍,并非 “文化再生产”的结构性阻力,而在于就业环节的阶段性困难。教育公平可分为起点、过程和结果三个环节,民族地区经多年教育扶贫,“起点”入学机会和“过程”教育质量已明显改善,而作为“结果”的就业环节亟待改善。以“就业优先”方针多渠道扩大少数民族就业,可激发内生动力、促进市场融入、巩固减贫成效和精准防控返贫,是助少数民族自主掌握教育“社会阶梯”和阻断贫困代际传递的有效路径。     

The 2015 welfare reform of the National Basic Livelihood Security System in South Korea: Effects on economic outcomes

In July 2015, South Korea’s National Basic Livelihood Security System (NBLSS) was reformed for the purposes of eliminating welfare blind spots and reducing poverty. The reform is expected to affect the recipients’ economic behaviours and choices. In this study, we used changes in benefits and eligibility for the NBLSS under the customised benefit system to identify the effects of the change in the NBLSS on a proposed set of economic outcomes – income, labour supply, consumption, savings, poverty reduction. To estimate the effects, we used data from the 10th–12th waves of the Korea Welfare Panel Study and employed a difference‐in‐differences framework integrated with the propensity scores. We found that the NBLSS helps the poor to reduce financial and material hardships through income and consumption increments, but that it does not provide disincentives to the recipients from participating in the labour market or from saving.     

可持续生计视角下"参与式"反贫困路径探索

中国扶贫实践中出现的"贫困户生计能力提升不足"倾向源于可持续生计框架与现代贫困观念之间的冲突,而"社会参与"则为解决冲突提供了一种可能。2020年后,面对新的贫困现象和贫困结构,"参与式"反贫困理念能够通过社会参与链接可持续生计框架和现代贫困观念,在贫困治理过程中充分体现贫困者的参与性,形成主体意识和责任意识,提升个体或家庭改善生计系统的能力,使其摆脱困境、规避陷入贫困的风险,进而形成权利-义务相平衡、对城市和农村具有包容性、常态化、可持续的贫困治理策略,使全体社会成员实现不虞匮乏的生活。     

A dimensionality reduction method of continuous dependent variables based supervised Laplacian eigenmaps

Dimensionality reduction is one of the important preprocessing steps in high-dimensional data analysis. In this paper we propose a supervised manifold learning method, it makes use of the information of continuous dependent variables to distinguish intrinsic neighbourhood and extrinsic neighbourhood of data samples, and construct two graphs according to these two kinds of neighbourhoods. Following the idea of Laplacian eigenmaps, we reveal that on the low-dimensional manifold the neighbourhood structure can be preserved or even improved. Our approach has two important characteristics: (i) it uses dependent variables to find an informative low-dimensional projection which is robust to noisy independent variables and (ii) the objective function simultaneously enlarges the distance between dissimilar samples and pushes similar samples close to each other according to the graph constructed with the help of continuous dependent variables. Our experiments demonstrate that the effectiveness of our method is over their traditional rivals.     

社会资本视角下“以购代捐”精准扶贫模式研究 ——基于凉山彝族自治州的实证分析

以凉山彝族自治州在精准扶贫过程中,为破解贫困地区“孤岛效应”,探索“以购代捐”扶贫模式为例,基于社会资本导向 的反贫困治理策略,分析“以购代捐”扶贫模式的理论内涵、演进路径、模式创新等,提出“以购代捐”正面临,物流投入滞后,影 响农产品品质;质量标准缺乏,制约农产品价格;质量检测缺位,食品安全堪忧;产品价格缺乏优势,长期执行易陷入行政摊派 等现实问题,为了完善“以购代捐”精准扶贫模式,建议：一要调动贫困农户生产积极性,保证农民“爱种（养）”;二要合理兼顾帮 扶单位的利益,让对口帮扶单位“爱吃”;三是政策措施要简单易行,让行政主管部门“爱扶”。     

乡村振兴视域下打赢凉山彝区脱贫攻坚战的对策思考①

今年初,习近平总书记考察凉山脱贫攻坚工作,鼓舞了凉山干部群众打赢脱贫攻坚战的信心和决心。十九大提出的乡村 振兴战略是凉山脱贫奔康的行动指南。当前凉山彝区脱贫攻坚任务仍然很艰巨。实施乡村振兴战略,助力凉山打赢脱贫攻坚 战的思路是：促进产业兴旺,夯实乡村振兴之基,固牢脱贫致富之本;强化绿色宜居导向,改造提升乡村基础设施,实现贫困农 民安居乐业;坚持乡风文明导向,移风易俗,培育脱贫致富内生动力;开展农村社会有效治理,根除致贫致愚的恶习,引导村民 健康生活;把生活富裕直接奋斗目标,狠抓基础民生工程,提升村民文化素质和健康水平,为脱贫致富提供长久保障。     

基于“过程-互动-行动”的城市贫困问题分析

随着中国市场化、城市化进程的加快,城市贫困问题越发严重。基于社会学家胡格伟尔特(A.Hoogvelt)的"过程—互动—行动"分析框架,分析了现阶段我国城市贫困问题的新特点及成因,指出贫困问题的加重,一是源于对社会群体福利最大化这一社会目标的偏离,民众,特别是弱势民众没有充分享受到中国宏观经济增长的长处,"宏观上欣欣向荣、微观上民不聊生";二是民主制度的缺失致使弱势群体话语权缺失,没有一个可循的制度安排供城市贫民来表达权益;三是政策实施过程中的政府失灵。对此,文章提出破解城市贫困的制度选择。