国家治理体系与治理能力建设：发展与共享

中共十九届四中全会在新中国制度建设史上具有划时代的里程碑意义。中国特色社会主义制度和国家治理体系是经过革命、建设、改革长期实践形成的。中国特色社会主义制度和国家治理体系的浙江省实践、湖州市实践、织里基层实践,展现了中国治理的时代价值。历史经验表明,中国始终坚持和完善党的领导、坚持和完善中国特色社会主义制度、坚持以人民为中心、坚持实事求是的思想路线是正确、有效、成功的。中国治理蕴含的制度价值保障了最广大人民的根本利益,促进了社会生产力发展,维护了社会公平正义。中国治理能够为后发国家提供“非西方化的现代化”建设经验,推动和支持多边主义的全球治理方案,促进不同文明互学互鉴,为世界上那些既希望加快发展又希望保持自身独立的国家和民族提供借鉴,具有世界意义。     

高校大学生社会实践运行机制探索

社 会实 践 作为 大 学生 素质 教 育的 重要 环 节,在 探索 中已 取 得了 明 显成 效。 为进 一 步深 化 社会 实践 活动 ,应 建立 完 善科学的 领 导机 制、有效 的保 障 机制 、切 实的 激 励机 制 、以 夯实 社会 实践 工 作基 础 ;还 应积 极整 合 学生 资源 、学 校 资源 、社 会 资源 ,将社会 实 践建 设成 卓有 成 效的 阵 地和 功能 强大 的 基地 ;要 在 调研 、立 项、重点 、指 导 、管 理、效果 诸 方面 ,推 进社 会 实践 项目 的 规范性运 作 ;要逐 步 锻造 出富 含 高校 个性 的 既稳 定持 久 、又可 频 出新 意的 社 会实 践品 牌 系列 。     

Why communities of practice succeed and why they fail

A specific form of intra-organizational networks – a community of practice (COP) – is increasingly regarded as an important structure within organizations. This network structure is well suited for the development and sharing of knowledge and practices across divisions. Our research explores the most salient reasons for the success and failure of such networks. An investigation of 57 COPs from major European and US companies led to the discovery of 10 “commandments” that lead to the successful development and sharing of best practices. It also identified five main reasons for failure.     

Practice-Specific Risk Perceptions and Self-Reported Food Safety Practices

The relationship between risk perception and risk avoidance is typically analyzed using self-reported measures. However, in domains such as driving or food handling, the validity of responses about usual behavior is threatened because people think about the situations in which they are self-aware, such as when they encounter a hazard. Indeed, researchers have often noted a divergence between what people say about their behavior and how they actually behave. Thus, in order to draw conclusions about risk perceptions and risk avoidance from survey data, it is important to identify particular cognitive elements, such as those measured by questions about risk and safety knowledge, risk perceptions, or information search behavior, which may be effective antecedents of self-reported safety behavior. It is also important to identify and correct for potential sources of bias that may exist in the data. The authors analyze the Food and Drug Administration's 1998 Food Safety Survey to determine whether there are consistent cognitive antecedents for three types of safe food practices: preparation, eating, and cooling of foods. An assessment of measurement biases shows that endogeneity of food choices affects reports of food preparation. In addition, response bias affects reports of cooling practices as evidenced by its relation to knowledge and information search, a pattern of cognitive effects unique to cooling practices. After correcting for these biases, results show that practice-specific risk perceptions are the primary cognitive antecedents of safe food behavior, which has implications for the design of effective education messages about food safety.     

Protocols,practices, and the reproduction of technique in molecular biology

Protocols are one of the main organizational resources in molecular biology. They are written instructions that specify ingredients, equipment, and sequences of steps for making technical preparations. Some protocols are published in widely used manuals, while others are hand-written variants used by particular laboratories and individual technicians. It is widely understood, both in molecular biology and in social studies of science, that protocols do not describe exactly what practitioners do in the laboratory workplace. In social studies of science, the difference between protocols and the actual practices of doing them often is used to set up ironic contrasts between 'messy' laboratory practices and the appearance of technical order. Alternatively, in ethnomethodological studies of work, the difference is examined as a constitutive feature, both of the lived-work of doing technical projects, and of the administrative work of regulating and evaluating such projects. The present article takes its point of departure from ethnomethodology, and begins with a discussion of local problems with performing molecular biology protocols on specific occasions. The discussion then moves to particular cases in criminal law in which defense attorneys cross-examine forensic technicians and lab administrators. In these interrogations, the distinction between protocols and actual practices animates the dialogue and becomes consequential for judgments in the case at hand. The article concludes with a discussion of administrative science: the work of treating protocols and paper trails as proxies for actual 'scientific' practices.     

Treatment and reporting of item-level missing data in social science research

Most quantitative studies in the social sciences suffer from missing data. However, despite the large availability of documents and software to treat such data, it appears that many social scientists do not apply good practices regarding missing data. We analyzed quantitative papers published in 2017 in six top-level social science journals. Item-level missing data was found in at least 69.5% of the papers, but their presence was explicitly reported in only 44.4% of all analyzed papers. Moreover, in the majority of cases, the treatments applied to missing data were incorrect, with many uses of deletion methods that are known to produce biased results and to reduce statistical power. The impact of missing data and of their treatment on results was barely discussed. Results show that social scientists underestimate the impact of missing data on their research and that they should pay more attention to the way such data are treated.     

公司董事会中的女性参与：政策与实践

从女性在董事会中的比例和任职情况两个方面来看,大多数国家女性参与董事会的程度都比较低。现有的研究表明,无论是从倡导性别平等的社会视角,还是从完善公司治理、提高公司效益的经济视角,提高董事会中的女性参与程度都具有重要意义。为了提高女性在董事会中的参与程度,许多国家和地区通过法律等公共政策的形式对女性参与董事会给予了相应的规定和支持,我国也可以借鉴其他国家的经验,采用相应政策措施来提高我国女性参与董事会的程度。     

论网络游戏的德性价值及其德育实践——基于文化育德的视角

网络游戏作为一种文化实践活动,其主题元素、设计环节和题材背景、线下交互等形成了特殊的大众文化,蕴含着丰富的德性价值,具有重要的隐性德育功能。网络游戏的快速发展,已成为信息时代和大众传媒时代开展大众德育不可或缺的重要阵地,其教育示范与情感体验功能为游戏育德提供了可能。通过开展网络游戏德育实践应积极发掘网络游戏的价值主题,加强网络游戏监管以充分发挥网络游戏的正面德育作用,并通过组建队伍引导网络游戏者参与德育实践,为各方主体参与网络游戏育德搭建平台并提供服务,实现网络游戏育德的实践探索。     

‘Who should do the caring’? Involved fatherhood and ambivalent gendered moral rationalities among cohabiting/married irish parents

Drawing on qualitative couple interviews with cohabiting/married mothers and fathers, this paper examines accounts of involved fatherhood in contemporary Ireland. It shows that while the ideal of fathers as heavily involved in day-to-day parenting is widespread, the reality is somewhat different – and this despite increased participation of Irish mothers in the labour market. Given this mismatch between fatherhood ideals and realities, it begs the question: how do we account for this inequitable division of family work? Gender-differentiated parenting experiences, I argue, are strongly influenced by ambivalent attitudes on the part of both fathers and mothers. I argue that mothers draw on ‘primarily mother’ moral rationalities that associates ‘good’ mothering with large amounts of time in direct provision of childcare, while fathers display a ‘primarily worker’ rationality associated with strong commitment to the labour market. It is the clash of these contrasting normative societal demands that gives rise to a pervasive sense of ambivalence about ‘who should do the caring’. This ambivalence, I demonstrate, is especially prominent in single-income families where the father is the sole breadwinner. In dual-income families, several parents go some distance towards reconciling these contradictory claims, these competing moral discourses.     

Medical Muddle

Nanette Gartrell, MD, is a psychiatrist and researcher whose investigations have documented the mental health and psychological well-being of lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) people over the past four decades. Nanette is the principal investigator of an ongoing longitudinal study of lesbian families in which the children were conceived by donor insemination. Now in its 27th year, this project has been cited internationally in the debates over equality in marriage, foster care, and adoption. Previously on the faculty at Harvard Medical School and the University of California, San Francisco, Nanette is currently a Visiting Distinguished Scholar at the Williams Institute, UCLA School of Law. In 2013, Nanette received the Association of Women Psychiatrists Presidential Commendation Award for “selfless and enduring vision, leadership, wisdom, and mentorship in the fields of women's mental health, ethics, and gender research.” At the age of 63, Nanette experienced a 3 ½ month period of intractable, incapacitating dizziness for which there was never a clear diagnosis.