清末民初甘肃省婚姻习惯评析

清末民初的民商事习惯调查运动波及全国各地,调查内容之广泛、组织之严密可谓空前绝后。以前南京国民政府司法行政部所编辑的《民商事习惯调查报告录》为基本研究资料,对清末民初甘肃省的婚姻习惯进行简要评析,内容主要涉及婚姻预约、同姓相婚、孀妇改嫁、特殊婚习、婚姻解除等方面。通过剖析各项习惯的利弊得失,以期对进一步完善今天婚姻制度有所启迪。     

Practising Gender at Work: Further Thoughts on Reflexivity

In an effort to make visible the subtle and seldom acknowledged aspects of gendering dynamics, Martin focuses on unreflexive practices that both communicate and constitute gender in paid work settings. She reviews the distinction between practices that are culturally available to ‘do gender’ and the literal practising of gender that is constituted through interaction. While acknowledging that agency is involved in any practicing of gender, she considers how intentionality and agency intersect, arguing that people in powerful positions routinely practise gender without being reflexive about it. Defining practising as emergent, directional, temporal, rapid, immediate and indeterminate, Martin shows how these qualities affect men as well as women in unexpected and often harmful ways. She concludes with a call for innovative ways to ‘catch gender in practice’ and for attention to reflexivity's role in the ongoing constitution of gender at work.     

LAYERED MEANINGS

Recent sociological inquiry into the family has focused on the decline of the male breadwinner family and the increasing diversity of family forms. Yet the term ‘family’ remains vague and assumes different meanings. This paper discusses the meanings of the term ‘family’ as it is used by interviewees in qualitative, in-depth interviews on family and kinship networks. The interviews were conducted as part of ethnographic fieldwork in a study of family and kinship in Swansea. Three contrasting areas of Swansea were selected, an affluent, popular area, one of the most deprived council estates and an inner-city area with a relatively high proportion of minority ethnic families. In the paper we draw out differences and similarities in the meanings given to the term ‘family’ by interviewees in the three areas. Differing meanings emerge, but what is striking is the layering of meanings. People refer to varying groups of relatives when they speak about their family but ‘family’ refers to a set of norms and practices about bringing up children, staying in contact or giving support. In the interview situation, the interviewees use these varying meanings in different contexts.     

Gifting Practices and Interorganizational Relations: Constructing Obligation Networks in the Electronics Sector

Sociologists and economic anthropologists often implicitly associate capitalist societies with the commodity form and preindustrial societies with the gift form. In contrast, this ethnographic study of the sales of electronics components shows that gifting and commodity exchange actually are inextricably intertwined in contemporary markets. Commodity exchange depends on obligation networks created and sustained, in part, by gifting and countergifting. Each juncture of the sales process has an associated type of gifting. Gifts provide the social basis for a moral economy that governs the construction of sales networks.     

马克思论自然历史过程中的生产实践

社会形态的发展是一种自然历史过程,具有客观物质性、合规律性和合目的性。在自然历史过程中的生产实践,集中体现了合规律性和合目的性的有机统一,是人类的第一历史活动,是全部社会生活的基本本质所在。     

Learning and Experiencing Chinese Qigong in Norway

This article discusses the reception of Chinese qigong in a Western context by focusing on the learning and experiencing of qigong in Norway. Drawing on ethnographic material from fieldwork among participants of a style of qigong referred to as Biyun medical qigong, I in particular explore the variety of body–mind states that Norwegian qigong students experience. I have differentiated five “stages” of Biyun practice. Using these stages as a framework, I demonstrate the gradual progression in the learning of qigong. “Body,” “concentration,” and qi (“life energy”) are all important constitutive dimensions in the practice, but as the learning progresses, qi becomes more and more prominent. Drawing on a definition of the body as “learning to be affected” and “learning to affect” (Despret, Body Soc 10:111–134, 2004; Latour, Body Soc 10:205–229, 2004), I suggest that qigong may be perceived as a practice that, at its core, involves learning to be affected by qi as well as to affect qi.

“不孝”文化及其生成逻辑:基于L村农民日常生活的考察

“不孝”行为及其背后“解释”和“接受”机制的日常实践逻辑分析可以作为“孝文化”当代际遇研究的一个参考。华北农村L村“孝道”的底线体现为从物质供应到生病医治和精神顺敬的“养”以及“葬”的隆重和祭祀的严肃与守时。日常生活中四种不孝行为包括“师出有名”的不养,即以老人身体硬朗、没有尽到隔辈抚养义务、兄弟间的不公正对待等理由的不孝;对非亲生或绝症父母“情有可原”的不医治和疏忽;对父母离世的形式化“哀伤”;“不葬”以及祭祀本意的“消亡”。这四种“不孝”行为被村落文化予以谴责、忽略和宽容,其背后是基于农村社会转型而带来的场域形塑机制的变化,其动力来自农民“过日子”的伦理价值导向的演变,即“钱”构成了农村以家庭为单位过日子的竞争标准。这种变化是农村养老问题研究应该参考和关注的。     

Early Intervention in Portugal: Study of Professionals’ Perceptions

Early intervention (EI) has been characterized by considerable advances in its domain, which has had great repercussions in the implementation of the family-centered approach. These changes have had implications in the practices and in the adoption and learning of new values that should be implemented in EI. This study evaluates the professional perspectives regarding family-centered practices in EI programs in Portugal. The results highlight the importance of effective collaboration and coordination between health, education, and social services and the importance of providing child and family support in a natural context. These results reinforce the need to invest in professional training to improve the quality of services offered to families in EI.